Intro To Comm. Disorders Ch. 1-4

hearing, language, & speech

A hearing disorder may affect…

speech disorder

atypical production of speech sounds, interruption in the flow of speaking, or abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality

language disorder

impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

hearing disorder

a result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory system

central auditory processing disorder

deficits in the processing of information from audible signals

augmentative/alternative communication

attempts taught by SLPs to compensate and facilitate for impaired communication using various methods

audiologists

the professionals who measure hearing and identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance

speech-language pathologists

the professionals who identify, assess, treat, and prevent expressive and receptive communication disorders, as well as provide services for swallowing disorders and dialect modification

speech, language, and hearing scientists

the professionals who extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders and usually hold doctorate degrees

doctoral degree (AuD, PhD, or EdD in audiology)

The entry-level degree for an audiologist is currently a…

master’s degree

The degree required for speech/language pathologists to earn the ASHA CCC is currently a…

as soon as they are born

Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities…

social and academic difficulties

School-age children with communication difficulties often experience…

efficacy

the probability of benefit to individuals in a defined population from a specific intervention applied for a given communication problem under ideal conditions

effectiveness

the probability of benefit to individuals in a defined population from a specific intervention applied to a given communication problem under average everyday clinical conditions

efficiency

application of the quickest intervention method involving the least effort and the greatest positive benefit, including unintended effects

communication

an exchange between senders and receivers

sociolinguistics

how cultural identity, setting, and participants influence communication

our language and cultural communities

Our cultural identity refers to…

grammar

the rules of language

form, content, use

What are the 3 primary components of language?

morphology

an aspect of language concerned with rules governing change in meaning at the interword level

morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of language

free morpheme

the portion of a word that can stand alone and designate meaning; root morpheme

bound morpheme

morpheme that must be attached to a free morpheme to communicate meaning; grammatical morpheme

syntax

how words are arranged in a sentence and the ways in which one word may affect another

semantics

Content consists of…

semantics

content or meaning of a language

semantic features

refers to the pieces of meaning that define a particular word

pitch

a listener’s perception of how high or low a sound is

habitual pitch

the basic tone that an individual uses most of the time

intonation

the pitch movement within an utterane

artifacts

refer to how you look, your clothes, your possessions, music you listen to, etc.

kinesics

refer to the way we move our body; body language

proxemics

refer to the physical distance between people as it affects communication

tactiles

refer to touching behaviors

chronemics

refers to the effect of time on communication

etiology

the cause or origin of a problem and may be used to classify a communication problem

congenital

disorders presented at birth

acquired

disorders that are the result of an illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life

dysarthria

a speech disorder caused by paralysis, weakness, or poor coordination of the speech musculature

apraxia

a speech disorder that is due to neuromotor programming difficulties

fluency

the smooth, uninterrupted flow of speech is affected in disorders of…

vocal abuse

the term for excessive yelling, screaming, or loud singing; can result in hoarseness or another voice disorder

temporary/permanent, severe/not severe, location, & type of loss

What are 4 ways hearing loss can be catagorized?

conductive

hearing loss that is caused by damage to the outer or middle ear

sensorineural

a hearing loss that is due to problems with the inner ear and/or auditory nerve

prevalance

the number/percentage of people within a specified population who have a particular disorder or condition at a given point in time

adults, children, males, females

Impairments of speech sounds and fluency are more common in ______ than ________ and more common in _____ than _______. (gender)

diagnosis

distinguishes an individual’s difficulties from the broad range of possible patterns

diagnostic therapy

refers to working with a client for a time to obtain a clearer picture of strengths and weaknesses

prognosis

an informed prediction of an outcome

norm-references

tests that yield scores that are used to compare a client with a sample of similar individuals

baseline data

a measurement of the client’s accuracy before beginning intervention

stimulis and reinforcement

Behavior modification includes…

anatomy

the study of the structures of the body and the relationship of these structures to one another

physiology

the study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures

articulatory/resonating system

a acoustic filter that allows certain frequencies to pass while blocking other frequencies

laryngeal system

has anatomical structures that vibrate, setting air molecules in the vocal tract into multiple frequencies of vibration

lungs, trachea, and pulmonary airways

The pulmonary apparatus consists of the…

rib cage and abdominal wall

The chest wall (thorax) consists of the…

inspiratory

muscles that are generally below the diaphram

expiratory

muscles that are generally above the diaphram

larynx

an air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissues; the main sound generator for speech production

protect the airway

The primary biological function of the larynx is to…

trachea, hyoid bone

The larynx is oriented on top of the _______, appearing to be suspended from the _____ ____.

thyroid cartilage, arytenoids, and cricoid cartilage

The larynx consists of the…

thyroid cartilage

forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton; largest laryngeal cartilage

thyroid prominence

the anatomical name for the “Adam’s apple” is the…

midline of the thyroid cartilage

What is the front attachment of the vocal folds?

retinoid cartilage by the vocal ligaments

/What is the back attachment of the vocal folds?

vocal folds

appear to be ivory bands of tissue that abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation

oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities

The articulatory/resonating system consists of the…

vocal tract

a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds

22

How many bones do the facial skeleton and the cranium have?

muscular hydrostat

The tongue is a _____.

32

How many teeth do adults have?

velopharyngeal closure

refers to the contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

8

At what age to the bones of the skull reach adult size?

newborns

________ have twice the number of skull bones than adults.

3

What age is the primary dentition complete?

18

What age is the secondary dentition complete?

frequency

the number of cycles of vocal fold vibration per second

harmonics

whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

language impairment (LI)

a heterogeneous group of deficits and/or immaturities in the comprehension and/or production of spoken or written language

3-4 months

When do rituals and game playing emerge

12 months

When does the first meaningful word occur?

representation

the process of having one thing stand for another

symbolization

use of an arbitrary symbol, such as a word or sign, to stand for something

6 months

Speech perception at _____ is related to later word/phrase understanding and production

50, combine

By 18 months children produce about ___ single words and begin to _____ words predictably

150-300

By age 2, children have an expressive vocabulary of about…

lexicon

a personal dictionary that reflects a child’s environment

substitution

If a preschool-aged child says, “doggies are yucky,” “kitties are yucky,” etc. they are using…

2-3 turns

Preschool-aged children maintain a conversation…

expression

In preschool-aged children, comprehension of words is more advanced than…

mean length of utterance

language becomes more complex as it becomes longer, and can be calculated in…

what, where, who, which, whose, when, why, how

In what order do wh-words develop?

metalinguistic skills

allow(s) the child to consider language in the abstract, make judgments about its correctness, and create verbal contexts

stabilize

For school-aged children, language development slows and begins to…