A&PII: Unit Test 5

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Last updated 11:23 PM on 7/6/26
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Urinary System Anatomy:

What are the functions of the kidney?

1. - 5.

  1. The kidneys are described as being _______ because ______

  2. Know the 3 protective layers of the kidney from most superficial to deep.

  3. Ureter function

  4. Urinary bladder function

  5. The male urethra carries… is … long, and contains…

  6. The female urethra carries… and is … long

  1. Excretion of metabolic wastes

  2. Regulate red blood cell production

  3. Regulate the synthesis of vitamin D (calcitriol)

  4. Maintain fluid/electrolyte balance

  5. Regulate blood pressure

  6. The kidneys are described as being retroperitoneal because they are located behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity.

  7. Renal fascia → adipose capsule → renal capsule

  8. The ureter transports urine from each of the kidneys to the bladder.

  9. The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine.

  10. The male urethra carries both urine and semen, is ~8 inches long, and contains 3 regions.

  11. The female urethra carries only urine and is ~1–2 inches long.

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Nephron Anatomy:

  1. The kidney has ___ nephrons, the main __& __, which ___.

  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons …

  3. Cortical nephrons …

  4. Each nephron consists of a … including …

  5. The glomerulus consists of…

  6. Name the vessels that supply and drain blood the glomerulus.

  7. The Bowman’s capsule is …

  1. The kidney has 1 million nephrons, the main structural and functional units, which filter blood to produce urine.

  2. Juxtamedullary nephrons make up 15% of all nephrons; have very long nephron loops, are situated close to the junction of the cortex and medulla.

  3. Cortical nephrons make up 85% of all nephrons; have short nephron loops, are situated in the cortex.

  4. Each nephron consists of a renal capsule including the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule.

  5. The glomerulus consists of a bed of capillaries for filtration.

  6. Afferent arteriole (supply) and efferent arteriole (drain)

  7. The Bowman’s capsule is a cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus.

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Nephron Anatomy Continued:

  1. The filtration membrane consists of _ layers that …

  2. It is composed of…

  3. The visceral layer is called ...

  4. Podocytes have narrow gaps called ...

  5. What is the order of flow of filtrate through the nephron?

  6. The Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is located ...

  7. JGA structurally includes ___ cells that analyze and regulate ____ & ___ cells that monitor ___.

  8. Nephron tubules have ____ proteins facilitating …

  9. Other capillaries include the ___ that surround the …

  10. Order of urine flow from renal papilla to outside:

  1. The filtration membrane consists of 3 layers that surround the capillaries and regulate filtration.

  2. It is composed of: A fenestrated capillary endothelium that prevents the passage of blood cells & a basement membrane that prevents the passage of larger proteins.

  3. The visceral layer is called podocytes.

  4. Podocytes have narrow gaps called filtration slits.

  5. Renal/glomerular capsule → PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule) → loop of henle → DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule) → collecting duct → papillary duct

  6. The Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is located near the renal capsule.

  7. JGA structurally includes juxtaglomerular cells that analyze and regulate blood pressure for proper filtration & macula densa cells that monitor sodium for autoregulation of BP.

  8. Nephron tubules have water channel proteins facilitating water reabsorption called aquaporins.

  9. Other capillaries include the vasa recta that surround the loop of henle and collecting ducts.

  10. papilla → calyx → pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

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Physiology:

  1. Filtration is ...

  2. The glomerulus of the ___ is responsible for ...

  3. What substances are filtered?

  1. What 2 things are not filtered?

  1. Reabsorption is ...

  2. Which part(s) is responsible for reabsorption?

  1. Reabsorption at the ____ tubule:

  2. Water is reabsorbed using __ and __.

  3. Water follows solutes like ___ in ___ reabsorption.

  4. Sodium is reabsorbed via __ transport.

  5. Amino acids via __ transport. Bicarbonate is ...

  1. Filtration is the movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate.

  2. The glomerulus of the nephron is responsible for filtration.

  3. Water, ions, glucose, and amino acids

  4. Large proteins and blood cells are NOT filtered.

  5. Reabsorption is the “reclaiming” of substances from the filtrate back into the blood.

  6. PCT, loop, DCT, collecting duct

  7. Reabsorption at the proximal convoluted tubule:

  8. Water is reabsorbed using aquaporins and the process of osmosis.

  9. Water follows solutes like sodium in obligatory water reabsorption.

  10. Sodium is reabsorbed via active transport.

  11. Amino acids via active transport. Bicarbonate is also reabsorbed.

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Why Reabsorb?

  1. Water helps maintain ________ and _________.

  2. Sodium maintains _______________ and ___________.

  3. Glucose is _______% reabsorbed, unless ___.

  4. Amino acids are used for __________ and are not usually found in the _______.

  5. Bicarbonate acts as _______________

Hormonal Control:

  1. Reabsorption at the collecting duct is regulated by __ : _ and _

  2. Increase in ADH promotes …

  3. Transport maximum = ____

  4. Renal threshold = ___

  5. Substances in excess are excreted in the ___; example ____

Secretion:

  1. Secretion is …

  2. Collecting duct becomes permeable to water when ...

  3. Substances secreted include …

  4. Not secreted:___, ___, ___ as they are usually used for ___ production & formed elements of the blood like __ and __.

  1. Water helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure.

  2. Sodium maintains blood volume and blood pressure.

  3. Glucose is 100% reabsorbed, unless blood glucose levels are too high.

  4. Amino acids are used for protein synthesis and are not usually found in the urine.

  5. Bicarbonate acts as buffers.

  6. Reabsorption at the collecting duct is regulated by hormones: aldosterone and ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

  7. Increase in ADH promotes water reabsorption.

  8. Transport maximum = maximum reabsorption rate

  9. Renal threshold = level exceeding transport max

  10. Substances in excess are excreted in the urine; example blood glucose

  11. Secretion is movement from blood into filtrate

  12. Collecting duct becomes permeable to water when ADH is present.

  13. Substances secreted include urea, H+, K+

  14. Not secreted: glucose, proteins, ketones as they are usually used for energy production & formed elements of the blood like RBCs and WBCs.

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GFR:

  1. What is GFR and what does it measure?

  2. What is used and why?

  3. GFR is maintained by ___ control.

  4. __ mechanics in an intrinsic control involving _ and _.

  5. GFR depends on , increase __ → increased GFR

  6. Increased Permeability of membrane → ___ GFR

  7. Net Filtration Pressure = __

  8. Glomerular capillary pressure = ___

  9. Bowman’s capsular pressure = ___

  10. Blood osmotic pressure (__) = ___

  11. __ pressure must be the highest.

  1. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) measures kidney filtration.

  2. Creatinine is used because 100% is filtered, 0% is reabsorbed.

  3. GFR is maintained by intrinsic control.

  4. Myogenic mechanics in an intrinsic control involving vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

  5. GFR depends on high net filtration pressure, increase surface area of filtration membrane → increased GFR

  6. Increased permeability of membrane → increased GFR

  7. Net Filtration Pressure = force driving filtration

  8. Glomerular capillary pressure = pushing force

  9. Bowman’s capsular pressure = opposing forcing filtration

  10. Blood osmotic pressure (proteins) = pulling force, pulling fluid back in

  11. Glomerular capillary pressure must be highest

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Explain the following hormones and enzymes. Where do they come from?

Name

Secretion Stimulation

Is it a(n) Enzyme or Hormone?

Secreted By (gland or cell)

Action/Function

Renin

___ stretch = ________/low BP

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

BP and BV are too ___

4 stimuli


triggers ______ to have ____permeability to water for reabsorption

Aldosterone (ALD)

Regulates secretion of excess ____ ions

ACE



Angiotensin II



vaso________________

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

BP and BV are too ___________


-increase _____and ______excretion

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Micturition:

  1. __ is urination.

  2. What initiates urination?

3 steps of micturition:

  1. Detrusor muscles = __ control- moves _ out of _.

  2. Internal sphincter relaxes = __ control

  3. External sphincter relaxes = __ control

  4. What are the causes of dilute urine?

  • Amount of Hydration

  • Presence of ADH

Body Fluids, Electrolytes, and pH:

  1. The average adult human contains ______ L of water.

  2. Metabolic water makes up __% of the water in the human body and is produced by…

  3. Preformed water makes up __% of the water in the human body and is acquired by…

  1. Micturition is urination.

  2. Stretch of bladder wall initiates urination.

  3. Detrusor muscles = involuntary control- moves urine out of the bladder.

  4. Internal sphincter relaxes = involuntary control

  5. External sphincter relaxes = voluntary control

  6. Increased hydration, decrease in ADH

  1. The average adult human contains 42 L (varies ~40–45 L) of water.

  2. Metabolic water makes up 10% of the water in the human body and is produced by metabolic processes like cellular respiration.

  3. Preformed water makes up 90% of the water in the human body and is acquired by food and beverages.

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Fluid Compartments:

  1. What are the body’s two major fluid compartments?

  2. Which fluid compartment has the highest concentration of water?

  1. Intracellular fluid is highest in which cation? Think action potential

  1. Interstitial fluid of the extracellular fluid is highest in which cation? Think action potential

  2. Extracellular fluid is highest in which two ions?

Solutions and Electrolytes:

  1. What is the solute and solvent of a solution?

  2. Solutes that dissolve in water and form ions are called ___.

  3. Solutes that do not dissolve in water and form ions are called ____________________.

Acid-Base Balance:

  1. What is the normal pH of blood?

  1. A buffer …

  2. What effect does hydrogen ion concentration have on urine? blood?

  3. _____________________ acts as a __ binding _ ions in the blood, neutralizing pH.

  1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) and Extracellular fluid (ECF)

  2. Intracellular fluid

  3. Potassium (K⁺)

  4. Sodium (Na⁺)

  5. Sodium (Na⁺) and Chloride (Cl⁻)

  1. The solute is the substance dissolved and the solvent is water (often), the substance doing the dissolving.

  2. Solutes that dissolve in water and form ions are called electrolytes.

  3. Solutes that do not dissolve in water and form ions are called nonelectrolytes

  1. 7.35–7.45

  2. A buffer minimizes the changes in the pH of various body fluids.

  3. Urine: large pH changes tolerated & Blood: very small pH changes tolerated

  4. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) acts as a buffer binding H⁺ ions in the blood, neutralizing pH.

Note- H+ increases acidity (lower pH)

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Acid-Base Disorders:

  1. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is a ...

  2. __ levels are indicators for this imbalance.

  3. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is a …

  4. ______ levels are indicators for this imbalance.

Ventilation and pH:

  1. Hypoventilation (__) causes blood to … resulting in ...

  2. Hyperventilation (__) causes blood to … resulting in …

Renal Compensation:

  1. Kidneys combat metabolic acidosis by …

  2. Regular ingestion of excessive ___ and __ will lead to …

  3. Renal disease will affect __ and will lead to ...

  1. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis is a failure of the respiratory system to maintain pH.

  2. CO₂ levels are indicators for this imbalance.

  3. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is a pH abnormality caused by anything other than CO₂ levels.

  4. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) levels are indicators for this imbalance.

  1. Hypoventilation (slower than normal breaths) causes blood to retain CO₂, resulting in respiratory acidosis.

  2. Hyperventilation (faster than normal breaths) causes blood to lose CO₂ resulting in respiratory alkalosis.

  1. Kidneys combat metabolic acidosis by eliminating hydrogen ions (H+) produced by metabolic reactions.

  2. Regular ingestion of excessive sodium bicarbonate and diuretics will lead to metabolic alkalosis.

  3. Renal disease will affect filtration and will lead to metabolic acidosis.

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Maintaining Blood pH:

  1. When blood pH is too high (pH __ →… ), there will be a … in H+ secretion.

  2. When blood pH is too low (pH __ → …), there will be an … in H⁺ secretion.

  1. When blood pH is too high (pH 8–14 → alkalosis), there will be an decrease in H⁺ secretion.

  2. When blood pH is too low (pH 1–6 → acidosis, there will be an increase in H⁺ secretion.