Introduction jurisprudence- professional ethics-and cultural sensitivity

• Law studies offer enhanced awareness.
• Law study is beneficial for a better understanding of the legal
language of health care policies and laws.
• Law study is beneficial to interpreting health care policies and laws.
• The law study offers a better understanding and addresses ethical questions.
• Law study is beneficial for maintaining a doctor-patient relationship.
• In Medico-legal cases.

How is Law Study Beneficial for Medical Professionals?

Code of Hammurabi

4,000 years ago - ruler of Babylonia
• the first recorded set of laws in human history.
• These laws included acceptable standards for the
practice of medicine and were specific to their time and culture.

Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC)

wrote the Hippocratic Oath, which defined the ethical standard for practicing physicians.

Ethics

• is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct, more specifically the behavior of individuals in society.

Ethos

Character or custom=way of living

Professional Ethics

are principles that govern the behaviour of a person or group in a business environment.
• Like values, professional ethics provide rules on how a person should act towards other people and institutions in such an environment.

Medical Ethics / healthcare ethics

• The study and analysis of moral issues (issues of right and wrong) as applied to the fields of medical treatment and research

juris prudentia

which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law.

Law

Is a set of rules that are created and enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior.

Cultural Sensitivity

is a set of skills that enables a person to learn and understand people of different cultures, genders, sexual orientations, languages, or religions, which enable them to provide a better service to the community.

Cultural Sensitivity

-recognized as the knowledge, skills,
and values that enable people to work well and be supportive of people
in cross-cultural settings.

• Radiologic Technologist • X-ray Technologist
• Radiologist
• Medical Physicist

IN RADIOLOGY:

Hippocratic Oath

- I will use my power to help the sick to the best of my ability and judgment. I will abstain from harming or wrong doing
any man by it. I will not give a fatal draught to anyone if I am asked, nor will I suggest any such thing. Neither will I give a woman means to procure an abortion.

Thomas Percival

• 1803 - English health reformer and medical doctor published a document describing the qualifications and duties of medical professionals. It coined the term "medical ethics" and "jurisprudence".

The Percivalian code

code asserted the moral authority and independence of physicians in service to others, affirmed the profession's responsibility to care for the sick, and emphasized individual honor.

Ethics

it examines the rational justification for our moral judgments; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust.

juris prudence

-An ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good. -Described as sciene and the art of justice

Radiologic Technologist

-are bona fide holders of a certificate for radiologic technology issued by the Board of Radiologic Technology.
-They are trained professionals who are skilled in the use of x-rays, radioactive materials, and/or ultrasonic waves to produce mages of the human body for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

X-ray Technologist

The study of Radiologic technology is similar to radiologic technology but without radiologic sciences, which means they are only allowed to practice in the general x-ray facility.

Radiologist

-are licensed physicians who specialize in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases with the use of radiation.

medical physicist

work in health care and apply their knowledge of physics to the development and use of medical radiation treatments, devices, and technologies.

Hippocrates

considered the most outstanding figure in the history of medicine.
• He is often referred to as the Father of Medicine.

Hippocratic Oath

an oath historically practiced by physicians wherein a new physician requires swearing to healing gods to uphold ethical standards.

1930 - Patients are devoid of freedom

Doctors gave advice, and patients were expected to follow along. Patients did not have many rights.

1930 - Patients are devoid of freedom

They could be enrolled in experiments without their knowledge.

1930 - Patients are devoid of freedom

• Such practices have included denying patients the right to informed consent, such as using pseudoscientific studies such as race, and science, and torturing people under the guise of research.

WORLD WAR II (1939-1945

Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany performed brutal experiments on prisoners and civilians through groups like Unit 731 in Japan or individuals like Dr. Joseph Mengele (Angel of Death).

Dr. Joseph Mengele

(Angel of Death)l

Nuremberg Code

a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a result of the subsequent Nuremberg trials at the end of the Second World War.

• voluntary consent,
• the fruitful result for the good of society,
• no physical or mental suffering,
• no harmful complications, and
• the degree of risk should never exceed the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved.

Nuremberg code includes

1960s-1970s

medical ethics transformed a dramatic shift and was reconfigured into bioethics.

autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice

modern biomedical ethics is based on four factors:

Autonomy

the right or condition of self-government.

Beneficence

an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.

Nonmaleficence

the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient.

Justice

just behavior or treatment

hospital ethics, ethics at private practices, clinical research, and public health.

Today, the principles and values of medical ethics have achieved a great deal of acceptance within the medical community. The field is divided into four areas-

Morality

focuses on what should be done in a particular situation

Ethics

focuses on why a particular course of action is the right one.

LAW

An ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good. -Described as science and the art of justice

Morals

Our own principles

An ethical act may not be legal"
• "Unethical act may not be illegal"
• "An act can be unethical or illegal but still moral"

• There is some overlap between ethics and the law, but they are not always in line with one another.

UTILITARIANISM

an ethical theory that considers an action as morally right if its outcomes or consequences are good for the greatest number of the population. It determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes.
• Believes that the purpo

Deontology

• is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong. It considers the way that things are done rather than focusing just on the outcomes.
• For instance, shooting the intruder to protect your family; killing is wrong but protecting your family is right. This means protecting your family is the rational thing to do even if it's not the morally best thing to do.

Utilitarianism, Deontology

Ethical theories

1. Truthfulness and Confidentiality
2. Autonomy
3. Beneficence
4. NONMALEFICENCE
5. Justice

• Modern biomedical ethics is based on four factors

truthfulness

about telling the truth to someone who has the right to know the truth.

Confidentiality

Respecting the privacy of both parties and keeping details secret

veracity

truthfulness, honesty

fidelity

faithful to one’s commitment

autonomy

self-government,refers to every individual's right to governance, independence, and freedom to make their decision.

Beneficence

Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action.is defined as an act of doing good to others like charity, mercy, and kindness.
• The practitioner should act in "the best interest" of the patient - the procedure be provided with the intent of doing good to the patient.

Nonmaleficence

duty to do no harm

"primum non nocere"

Latin phrase which means First Do no Harm

Justice

Fair and equal distribution of scarce health resources, and the decision of who gets what treatment.
The burdens and benefits of new or experimental treatments must be distributed equally among all groups in society.
Healthcare professionals must be fair to all.

Distributive Justice , social justice

2 categories of Justice

Distributive Justice

means that individuals have the right to be treated equally regardless of appearance, race, ethnicity, origin, religion, social, and financial standing.

Social Justice

is the right to access and participate in all aspects of goods or services provided in society, regardless o their social status.