AP World Unit 4

encomienda system

encomienda system

a system of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists

hacienda system

a system to keep people in debt working on a piece of land (not a legal bind like serfdom)

mit’s system

was the original version of mandatory state service used on the native population from the Spanish

indentured servitude

a form of labor where an individual i sunder contract to work without a salary to pay off a loan within a time frame

chattel slave labor

most common form of slavery. allowed people to be considered legal property to be bought, owned and sold forever

mercantilism

a system in which a country attempts to a mass wealth by having more exports than imports

trading post empires (portugal)

a maritime empire of trade networks that connects ports, forts, and settlements stretching from East Africa to Japan

casta system

a legal distinction between races, race combinations, and ancestry - social hierarchy

heathen

a member of a people who do not recognize the god of the bible - a pagan

zealous

describes a person who spends a lot of time or energy in supporting something they believe in - religious, or political

doctrine

a set of beliefs taught by the curch

idolatry

the worship of idols, or a group who worships an idol

venerate

to regard with great respect

divination

the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means.

jesuit

a member of the society of Jesus in the roman catholic church

cotempt

a feeling that a person or thing is below consideration or useless

infidel

a person who does not adhere to religion

illustrations

well known or respected for past achievements

fortification

a defensive wall or reinforcement put in place to strengthen a a place against attacks

cararvel

a smaller ship with better navigation, much faster, cargo hold, and lateen sails

fluyt

war ship, trade based, higher advantage

the columbian exchange

the transfer of people, animals, plants, and diseases from the west to east and east to west

environmental impact of columbian exchange

sheep eating grass, erosion, increase in buffalo hunting

ag and labor changes in the columbian exchange

mass farming, coerced labor (sugar in caribbean)

Trans-Oceanic Trade

global trading system in the Caribbean and the Americans trade networks extended to all corners of Atlantic Ocean

Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Triangular Trade

Trading System between Europe, Africa, and the colonies; European purchased slaves in Africa and sold them to colonies, new materials from colonies went to Europe while European finished products were sold in the colonies.

Joint-stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

East India Companies

British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.

Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Magellan

Portuguese explorer who sailed around the Southern end of South America and eventually reached the Philippines, but was killed in a local war there

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Plantation Economy

This referred to the inefficient, slave-centered economy of the South where all land was used to grow large amounts of cash crops for export.

Indentured servitude

A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians.

Devshirme

Christian boys, taken from the Balkan provinces, converted to Islam, and recruited by force to serve the Ottoman government. The boys must passed through a series of examinations to determine their intelligence and capabilities.

Jannisaries

Ottoman empire required non-Islamic families in the Balkans to give up their young boys to be a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard

Creoles

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Absolutism

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

Aztecs

From their magnificent capital city, Tenochtitlan, this empire emerged as the dominant force in central Mexico, developing an intricate social, political, religious and commercial organization that brought many of the region's city-states under their control by the 15th century

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

Japanese social structure

based on a feudal system that divided people by class and or occupation.

social stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy