Chapter9(ADHD)SV

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Self-Regulation

Control over thoughts, behaviors, and emotions.

Impulsivity

A lack of self-control, often resulting in hasty actions without consideration for consequences.

Effortful Control

The ability to regulate attention, inhibit impulses, and activate behavior as needed.

Mischel’s Marshmallow Test

A psychological experiment measuring self-control by offering a choice between immediate reward or delayed gratification.

Executive Function (EF)

Cognitive processes that include inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.

Inattention

Difficulty in sustaining focus and attention on tasks.

Hyperactivity

Excessive movement and inability to stay still, often seen in ADHD.

Prevalence of ADHD in the U.S.

11.4% of children in the United States are diagnosed with ADHD.

Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual, e.g. ADHD with ODD, anxiety, and learning disabilities.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

A disorder characterized by a pattern of angry, irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A more severe form of behavioral issues characterized by violation of societal norms.

Sleep difficulties in ADHD

Children with ADHD often experience trouble sleeping, leading to further behavioral issues.

Developmental tasks of ADHD

Tasks that individuals with ADHD may struggle with, impacting their social and academic functioning.

Early warning signs of ADHD

Signs such as difficult temperament and poor attention observed in infancy and preschool.

Neurodevelopmental model

A framework that explains how neurodevelopmental processes affect behavior and cognition.

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

A neural system that promotes approach behaviors and motivation.

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

A neural system that inhibits behaviors in response to threats.

Genetic factors in ADHD

ADHD is highly heritable, indicating a strong genetic component.

Brain abnormalities in ADHD

Issues in brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia, associated with ADHD.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal and attention that might be linked to ADHD.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter crucial for pleasure and attention, often affected in ADHD.

Adult outcomes of ADHD

ADHD can lead to poorer educational achievements and difficulties in peer relationships.

Assessment of ADHD

Diagnosis often occurs in a school setting based on behavioral observations and reports.

Diagnostic considerations for ADHD

Includes family history, observations, and reports from parents and teachers.

Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall)

Medications that increase dopamine release, commonly prescribed for ADHD.

Methylphenidates (e.g., Ritalin)

Medications that inhibit dopamine reuptake and are effective in treating ADHD.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Behavior contingencies

Strategies in behavior modification involving rewards and consequences to manage behaviors.

Medication effectiveness in ADHD treatment

Approximately 85% of patients show improvement with ADHD medications.

Behavior Checklists

Tools used to gather information about a child’s behavior from parents and teachers.

Social dysfunction in ADHD

Challenges in social skills that often result in peer rejection for children with ADHD.

Developmental course of ADHD

Refers to the progression and changes in ADHD symptoms over time, which can vary in severity.