Unit 2: The Living World - Biodiversity

Edge effect

________: at ecotones, greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities.

Water contamination

________ by- Excess fertilizer- Runoff from feedlots- Runoff from construction- Untreated sewage.

Genetic drift

________: accumulation of changes in the frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) over time due to sampling errors (changes that occur as a result of random chance)

BioD

________ in all forms is the result of evolution Evolution.

Acid rain

________: require scrubbers on coal burning power plants, switch to renewable energy sources.

Zoos

________ have captive breeding programs where endangered species are bred under human control until their pop are high enough to be reintroduced into the wild.

Agriculture

________- Monoculture /GMOs- Clearing forests to create pastureland- Pesticide use.

Speciation

________: how new species are formed.

Climate change

________: implement the kyoto protocol, carbon sequestration, carbon cap and trade, carbon tax, switch to renewable energy sources.

Commercial economic extincion

________: few individuals exist but effort needed to locate and harvest them is not worth the expense Ecosystem change.

Regulate activities

________- Establish quotas- Enforce existing laws (ESA)

number of individuals

Threatened: ________ in a species is quite low.

Nat selection

________ acts upon whole pop, not on an individual organism.

Macroevolution

________: large- scale patterns of evolution within biological organisms over a long period of time.

BioD hot spot

________: highly diverse region that faces severe threats and has already lost 70 % of its original vegetation.

Microevolution

________: when a population displays small scale changes over a relatively short period of time.

Evolutionary fitness

________: individual organisms better adapted for their environment live and reproduce → their genes are part of their populations next generation.

Keystone species

________: single species that maintains biotic balance in a community.

Ecotones

________: where ecosystems meet at wide and overlapping boundaries.

Habitat fragmentation

________: when the size of an organism's natural habitat is reduced.

Natural selection

________: habitat selects certain organisms to live and reproduce and others die.

Extinction

________: species cant adapt quickly enough tot env change and all members of the species die.

Indicator species

________: used as standard to eval health of an ecosystem.

Biological extinction

________: true extermination of a species → there are no individuals of this species left on the planet.

Climate change

________: death of coral reefs, loss of reef habitat, increases sea level with resulting loss of coastal habitat.

Acid rain

________: increases acidity of freshwater systems (only certain species can survive)

Speciation

how new species are formed

Species

group of organisms that are capable of breeding with one another

Evolutionary fitness

individual organisms better adapted for their environment live and reproduce → their genes are part of their populations next generation

Natural selection

habitat selects certain organisms to live and reproduce and others die

Genetic drift

accumulation of changes in the frequency of alleles (versions of a gene) over time due to sampling errors (changes that occur as a result of random chance)

Microevolution

when a population displays small scale changes over a relatively short period of time

Macroevolution

large-scale patterns of evolution within biological organisms over a long period of time

Extinction

species cant adapt quickly enough tot env change and all members of the species die

Biological extinction

true extermination of a species → there are no individuals of this species left on the planet

Ecological extinction

there are so few individuals of a species that they can no longer perform its ecological function

Commercial/economic extincion

few individuals exist but effort needed to locate and harvest them is not worth the expense Ecosystem change

Keystone species

single species that maintains biotic balance in a community

Indicator species

used as standard to eval health of an ecosystem

Indegenious species

originate and live or occur naturally in an area/env

Invasive species

introduced species Ecological succession

Habitat fragmentation

when the size of an organism's natural habitat is reduced

Ecotones

where ecosystems meet at wide and overlapping boundaries

Edge effect

at ecotones, greater species diversity and biological density than there is in the heart of ecological communities

Number of species found on an undisturbed island is determined by two factors

IMMIGRAITON and EXTINCTION Loss of Biodiversity (Humans)

Climate change

death of coral reefs, loss of reef habitat, increases sea level with resulting loss of coastal habitat

Acid rain

increases acidity of freshwater systems (only certain species can survive)

Climate change

implement the kyoto protocol, carbon sequestration, carbon cap and trade, carbon tax, switch to renewable energy sources

Acid rain

require scrubbers on coal burning power plants, switch to renewable energy sources

Threatened

number of individuals in a species is quite low

Endangered

species in imminent danger of going extinct

Most endangered

require large ranges of habitat to survive, hae low reproductive rates, have specialized feeding habits, low pop numbers

Background extinction rate

natural rate of extinction

bioD hot spot

highly diverse region that faces severe threats and has already lost 70% of its original vegetation

Building roads and cities

habitats are fragmented and lost