college biology chapter 11/12 test

ch. 11 gregor mendel

father of genetics, used peas to true-breed

ch. 11 locus

location of a particular allele on a chromosome

ch. 11 mutation

alters a genes molecular structure

ch. 11 hybrid offspring

non-identical alleles produce…

ch.11 P, F1, 2

parental, first gen, second gen

ch.11 test cross

AA x aa

ch. 11 independent assortment

just because you have one trait doesn’t mean you’ll get another

ch. 11 antigens

A, B, AB, O, fight antibodies

ch. 11 epistasis

one gene pair can influence other gene pairs (labrador retrievers)

ch. 11 pleiotropy

alleles at one location can have effects on two or more traits (Marfan Syndrome)

ch. 11 linkage groups

linked genes on a chromosome, can be disrupted by crossing over

ch. 11 polygenic traits

multiple genes that affect the same trait, continuous variation, ex. eye color, hair color, height

ch. 12 SRY

male sex determining gene

ch. 12 colchicine

chemical to arrest the cell at metaphase for a karyotype

ch. 12 aneuploidy

1 extra or 1 less chromosome

ch. 12 polyploidy

3+ of each type of chromosomes

ch. 12 duplication

DNA sequences are repeated two or more times

ch. 12 deletion

loss of portion or whole chromosome

ch. 12 inversion

gene order is reversed

ch. 12 translocation

part of one chromosome becomes attached to another

ch. 12 nondisjunction

result is incorrect chromosome number, occurs during anaphase 1

ch. 12 genetic abnormality

deviation from the norm, not life threatening, ex. polydactyly

ch. 12 genetic disorder

conditions that cause medical problems

ch. 12 syndrome

set of symptoms that characterized a disorder

ch. 12 amniocentesis

small amounts of fluid are taken from the amniotic sac to test for genetic diseases, increases miscarriage by 1-2%

ch. 12 chorionic villi sampling

samples cells from the fetus

ch. 12 fetoscopy

scans contents of uterus, increases miscarriage by 2-10%