manipulation of sounds

sound waves 3 dimensions:

1. height (amplitude)

2. length (frequency)

3. time (duration)

communication

transmission of data

language

code that we use as part of our communication system

speech

human manipulation of air as a medium to push waves in a particular design that reflects its language & communicatio

semantics

meaning of words

syntax

order & placement of words & markers

context

surrounding information (words around words)

pragmatics

appropriateness of words

prosody

melody of speech, suprasegmentals, produced by adding functions in amplitude, duration, & frequency throughout speech to convey information above strict text/definitions, can provide information about speaker regardless of message being sent, conveys what speaker feels about their message

dialect/accent

reveal cultural, locational information, approximate age, ethnic background

phonemic content (actual words)

message delivered w/ no prosody added, sentence used exactly as it Is written

ex: "I went to school today" message = speaker traveled to their educational facility on the same day as the message was spoken

prosody (melody of words)

way a speaker's true communicative intent (phonemic) provides basic language component

linguistic (propositional)

bring in additional information about message being portrayed, clarifies direction of information's intent, clarifies definition of words w/in communication, shows what is important in sentences

emotional (non-prepositional)

express feelings/emotions behind a statement

ex: sarcasm, reverses meaning of words expressed

pitch

fundamental frequency

loudness/volume

amplitude/intensity

length of time

duration (mainly on vowel)

frequency changes

vocal cords

arytenoid cartilage tension & elongation

amplitude changes

subglottal pressure & expiratory volume during speech

more compression

higher pressure = wider opening = more air

less compression

lower pressure = smaller opening = less air

duration changes

repsiratory control

controlled release of air changes speech rate

juncture

affiliation of sounds w/in a word & between words, cases where difference between words are made due to placement of juncture, linkage of prosodic features

changes the most

fundamental frequency

why do vowels change acoustically the most?

vowels = continuous = allow more options & variation

intonation

variations in fundamental frequency over length of a sentence, only refers to fundamental frequency

first word in statement

highest fundamental frequency = peak F0

declarative sentence

tendency for fundamental frequency to fall off over length of sentence

ex: I have to go to work

declination

tendency of fundamental frequency to decline/get lower over length of sentence