AP HUG UNIT 3: Cultural Geography

attributes or characteristics of a culture, such as language, religion, customs, or food practices that helps define a group’s way of life

Cultural Traits

the place of origin for a cultural trait/complex

Culture Hearth

the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of cultures and economies throughout the world

Globalization

describes how a natural landscape has been modified by humans in a way that reflects their culture

Cultural Landscape

the physical aspects people use to define culture

Material culture

refers to membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

Ethnicity

a geographic area with a high concentration of people from a specific ethnic group

Ethnic enclaves

a vast geographic area where people share similar cultural traits

Cultural realms

concept that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, creating a layered cultural landscape overtime

Sequent occupancy

factors of sense of place that unite people

Centripetal Forces

factors that divide a state and its people

Centrifugal forces

the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others

Ethnocentrism

the principle of understanding a culture’s beliefs, values, and practices within that cultures own context

Cultural relativism

the spread of cultural traits by physical movement (people move)

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of cultural traits from the hearth separate from the people (culture moves, people stay)

Expansion Diffusion

a type of expansion diffusion that spreads cultural traits without regard to race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic background

Contagious Diffusion

a type of expansion diffusion when cultural traits spread from people in power to those with lower status

Hierarchical diffusion

a type of expansion diffusion when the idea behind a cultural traits stimulates a new, but related trait

Stimulus Diffusion

a common language used by people who do not speak the same native language

Lingua Franca

the phenomenon where the perceived distance between places shrinks due to improvements in transportation and communication technology, making interaction and travel easier

Time-Space Convergence

the process where different cultures become more similar through increased interaction

Cultural Convergence

the process where distant cultural groups become increasingly different from each other over time

Cultural Divergence

a religion closely tied to a specific ethnic group

Ethnic Religions

a religion that seeks to appeal to all people

Universal Religions

the process of making things uniform or similar

Homogenization

the process of immigrants adopting values and customs of the dominant culture while keeping their own

Acculturation

the ethnic/immigrant group losing their original culture by adopting traits of a dominant culture

Assimilation

blending 2 or more cultural traits to make a new cultural trait

Syncretism

coexistence of many cultures without one dominant culture deemed more valuable than the others

Multiculturalism

relating to the support of policies protecting the interests of native born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants

Nativist

According to the cultural complex described in the diagram, auto ownership provides transportation but also

represents American cultural traits like self-reliance and independence

Which of the following best demonstrates the concept of a culture hearth?

The places in the world where material and nonmaterial traits emerged

The architectural style of Saint Basil Eastern Orthodox Cathedral in Moscow, Russia, is most clearly an example of the city's cultural

landscape

A family that immigrates from China to the United States and chooses to live in an ethnic enclave is probably hoping to

find a buffer against discrimination while they seek new opportunities

Which of the following best describes an artifact?

The material culture consisting of tangible things, such as food and clothing

Amish residents of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who are descendants of immigrants from Switzerland in the 1700s, live without the benefits of electricity. This choice is an example of

an adherence to traditional culture

Which pattern is more typical of folk/traditional cultures than other types of cultures?

Emphasizing the value of customs

Some countries have several official languages because they want to

give recognition to different groups within the country

Which statement best describes the most common reason groups wish to preserve their traditional languages?

Language is central to cultural identity, so preserving a language helps preserve a culture.

The Arabic language spread from its hearth and became one of the major global languages mainly through

conquest and its use as a standard religious language

Which general conclusion about the expansion diffusion of the religion does the map most strongly support?

It is aided by the presence of a major trade route.

Which was the most common religious change among Africans as a result of contact with people from Europe and the Middle East?

Animism to a universalizing religion

Which type of influence has been most significant in shaping the distribution of religious groups in the United States?

Immigration patterns

Which of the following is NOT a factor that has encouraged globalization?

Increased business costs

Identify which of the following concepts or processes is symbolized by the pagoda in the image.

Cultural trait

Which of the following geographic concepts can be identified using information evident in the image?

Cultural diffusion

Identify the cultural trait that influences the architecture of the cultural landscape shown in the image.

Religion

Which of the following features is most useful for describing the cultural landscape shown in the image?

The French language on the banner hanging from the building

The photograph shows a road sign in the Republic of Ireland. Which of the following best describes the sign's significance within the cultural landscape?

The sign promotes the use of traditional language among citizens of the Republic of Ireland.

In the late nineteenth century, a large proportion of Swedish immigrants that came to the United States settled in rural areas of Minnesota. Descendants of these communities remain in Minnesota today, as shown on the map. Which of the following best describes the pattern of Swedish-American ethnicity within Minnesota’s cultural landscape?

A clustered pattern of Swedish ethnicity

Which of the following statements explains the regional location in the United States where the figures shown in the image are most likely part of the cultural landscape?

The Southwest, because residents are influenced by Spanish Catholicism.

The map shows the distribution of the language family that has the largest number of speakers in the world. Which statement correctly identifies the language family shown and the method of diffusion that best explains the pattern?

The map shows the distribution of the Indo-European language family, which diffused from its hearth in the Caucasus Mountains and spread throughout Eurasia through contagious diffusion and into the Americas, Africa, and Australia through colonialism and relocation diffusion.

The image shows a religious structure in Mexico City. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn based on the image?

Spanish colonialism influenced architecture of the cultural landscape.

Chinese porcelain was highly valued in Europe for its beauty, style, and durability. However, imported porcelain from China was very expensive. Crafters in Germany and England developed new methods of making porcelain using feldspar and bone rather than the kaolin that was used in China. This new porcelain was viewed as having similar quality to Chinese porcelain, and the new methods continued to be used in Europe.

This example describes what type of diffusion?

Stimulus diffusion, because the Europeans adapted a Chinese concept to fit their own needs

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of hierarchical diffusion?

The increasing sales of clothing brands endorsed by professional athletes to customers in Europe

Which of the following language-location pairs best exemplifies the process of relocation diffusion of language in the twentieth century?

Hmong in the United States

Which of the following best explains how Christianity became the dominant religion in the Philippines?

Christianity was brought to the Philippines through relocation diffusion when the Spanish colonized the Philippines in the sixteenth century.

Which of the following statements best explains why English is the most widely spoken language in North America?

The English language initially diffused to North America through the process of relocation diffusion. A number of colonies were established and settled by people from Great Britain.

Which of the following best explains how the English language diffused to the location shown in the image?

The English language was imposed on this location through a process of economic and political domination.

The state of California, often considered a hearth of environmental laws, will be the first state to ban plastic straws. Which of the following statements best describes the likely spread of this environmental practice?

Similar environmental laws will likely spread through stimulus diffusion to other states via political activism.

Which of the following best exemplifies the diffusion of popular culture throughout the world in contemporary society?

The spread of an Internet meme via social media applications

Which of the following best explains the Internet’s homogenizing effect on global language patterns?

The English language is widely used on the Internet.

Which of the following concepts best explains the driving forces of contemporary cultural diffusion?

Space-time compression

Across the Islamic world, despite different cultures and architectural styles, common features can be seen in mosque architecture. Which of the following explains the diffusion of Islamic architecture worldwide?

Islamic architectural styles spread by expansion and relocation diffusion, resulting in mosque architecture that has some design commonalities and some elements of local culture.

Many people living in west and central African countries such as Niger, Chad, and the Central African Republic speak French. Which of the following best explains this pattern?

France acquired several countries in Africa as a result of decisions made during the Berlin Conference of 1884.

Tikka masala is an Indian-style food that has gained popularity in the United Kingdom, despite being less common in India. Which of the following processes led to the spread of this food?

Relocation diffusion

The Arabic word sawahili means “a language of the coast.” Which of the following explains how this would relate to the Swahili language spoken today in Kenya, Tanzania, and northern Mozambique in eastern Africa?

As Muslim merchants traveled to Africa, they needed to communicate with people living along the coastal areas of the Indian Ocean in order to trade, and a lingua franca developed.

Which of the following can be used to explain why an immigrant community that attempts to assimilate into local society would engage in political protest against the government?

Ethnic groups living in segregated enclaves

Which of the following best explains how the image represents a cultural landscape?

Multiple ethnicities share the same space in the neighborhood shown in the image.

Which of the following statements best explains sense of place as demonstrated by the image?

The use of ethnic languages creates an attachment to this landscape.

A popular American hamburger chain successfully entered the fast-food market in India by altering the menu to include vegetarian burgers instead of hamburgers made with beef. This example can best be described as

stimulus diffusion

A fashion trend was started when an actor appeared on a television show wearing a shirt and tie of the same color. Within weeks, people began to follow this trend in both large cities and small towns across the United States. Which pair of diffusion types explains the spread of the fashion trend in this example?

Hierarchical and contagious

Which of the following processes describes how missionary activities change the geographies of universalizing religions outside of their founding hearths?

Expansion diffusion

When an immigrant group moves into a new location inhabited by a larger dominant culture with a different language, which of the following is the most likely outcome?

The immigrant group will learn and use the new language, and immigrant words will enter the language of the majority population.

Orthodox Christianity was established in Ethiopia during the fourth century after diffusing up the Nile River valley from the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. Islam expanded into North Africa and East Africa during the seventh century. Today Ethiopia’s population is 43% Orthodox Christian and 33% Muslim. Which statement best explains the composition of religious groups of Ethiopia?

Ethiopia resisted the Islamic expansion in northern Africa. ?????

Using information from the image, which of the following can be described as identifiable signs and symbols of a Chinese cultural landscape in San Francisco?

Chinese-language signs and Chinese lamps

Sikhism grew out of a blend of Hindu and Islamic religious principles, a process best explained by which term?

Syncretism

The map shown was published in the United States in the early twentieth century. The title of the map is an example of

ethnocentrism

Which of the following best explains why a universalizing religion would diffuse into a region?

The region has a large population where many people already follow another universalizing religion.

The image shows the Old City of Jerusalem. Which statement best describes the spatial pattern in the cultural landscape?

The image indicates that Muslim and Jewish citizens live in close proximity to each other.

The image shown was taken in Ketchikan, Alaska. Which of the following best explains the process illustrated by the image?

Through the process of diffusion, ethnic cuisines may change the cultural landscape in locations far from their hearths.

Which of the following statements identifies a cultural trait evident in the photograph?

The temple reflects typical Buddhist architecture.

The photograph was taken in Singapore. Which of the following statements best describes how the buildings shown in the photograph represent the culture of Singapore?

The Buddhist temple represents the value of traditional religion in the culture of modern Singapore.

Which of the following elements of the cultural landscape are shown in the images?

Moorish Islamic art, architecture, and script

Based on the images shown, which of the following best explains the process of diffusion in relation to the religious history of Spain?

Southern Spain was once under Muslim control, as indicated by the Islamic architecture of the palace in the images.

Which of the following best explains the use of two languages in this United States highway sign?

The highway sign is a representation of the state's multilingual ethnic cultural heritage.

Cities in India have a competitive advantage over cities in China as locations for international consumer services, such as call centers and bill processing. This advantage has its origins in which of the following?

The English language legacy of British colonialism in India

All of the following were colonized by France EXCEPT

Cuba

If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names of fish, but different names for a certain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused?

The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the disease spread.