HHD UNIT 4 AOS 1

Define Gross National Income per capita

GNI per capita refers to the overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of a country. It is used to classify countries as low, middle or high income.

the world bank system of classifying countries does not account for what

does not account for variations because it uses “average income”

GNI per capita of low, middle and high income countries is what amount

LI - approx $1,200 or less
MI - approx $1,200 - $14,300
HI - approx $14,300 or more

Economic characterstics (HI countries) (PIIG)

• (Low levels of) Poverty

• (Wide range of) Industries

• (High average) Income

• (Greater opportunities for) Global trade

Social characteristics (HI countries) (The SHEEP Loves Grass)

• (Greater access to) Technology

• (Developed) Social security systems

• (Developed) Health systems

• (High levels of) Education

• (High levels of) Employment

• (Low) Population growth and birth rates

• (Developed) Legal systems

• (High levels of) Gender equality

Environmental characteristics (HI countries) (Whales Have Incredibly Cute Fins)

• (Greater access to safe) Water and sanitiation

• (Greater access to adequate) Housing

• (Greater access to adequate) Infrastucture

• (High levels of) Carbon dioxide

• (High levels of) Food security

What is human development? (word for word) (for 2 marks)

Human development relates to creating an enviornment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive creative lives according to their needs and interests. It involves expanding their choices and capabilities.

Human development key characteristics (PEOPLE)

• Participate in decisions that affect their lives

• Expand their knowledge and choices

• Opportunities for productive and creative lives

• Participate in the life of the community

• Lead long and healthy lives

• Essential resources for a decent standard of living

Human development index defintion (word for word) (2 marks)

HDI is a single statistic based on 3 dimensions (including a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living), and 4 indicators (including life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita). HDI measures the level of social and economic development within a country.

Life expectancy at birth definition

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at birth is death rates do not change

Mean years of schooling definition

The average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over

Expected years of schooling definition

The number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age

If HDI is closer to 1 what does this mean

A greater level of human development has been experienced (range from 0-1)

Why might the HDI be lower than a country’s GNI per capita?

As GNI per capita only contributes to ¼ of the indicators that lead to HDI, causing that fluctuation if the other indicators (3/4) are not acheived to the same standard.

What are the advantages of the HDI

• Takes more than average income into account.
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• Single composite statistic allows easy comparison.
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• Effective for analysing progress over time.
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• Raises awareness to help revise policy choices.

Limitations of the HDI

• Only reflects specific aspects of human development.
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• Uses averages, hiding internal inequalities within countries.
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• Excludes survey data, ignoring individual feelings and complex local contexts.

what are non-communicable diseases?

Diseases that cannot e spread from one person to another. They are usually long lasting and generally progess slowly. E.g. CVD, cancer

what is double burden of disease?

When conditions associated with both poverty and weath, such as undernutrition and obesity, exist side by side in one community

similarities and differences of life expectancy

SIMILARITIES:

• Increased in most countries (1990–2019).

• COVID-19 caused widespread decreases.

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DIFFERENCES:

• Fluctuates more in LI and MI compared to HI.

• Considerably higher in HI than in LI.

similarities and differences of mortality and morbidity

SIMILARITIES:

• Infant, U5, and maternal mortality are decreasing globally.

• Non-communicable diseases cause the highest mortality everywhere.

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DIFFERENCES:

• Mortality increases as average income decreases.

• Infectious disease mortality is considerably higher in LI countries.

differences of burden of disease

• MI and LI countries commonly experience a double burden of disease.
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• YLD rates increase with higher income, while DALY and YLL rates increase with lower income.

HD and HDI similarities and differences

SIMILARITIES:

• HDI and HD increased across all income groups (1990–2019).

• HDI and HD decreased across all income groups (2020–2021).

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DIFFERENCES:

• HDI and HD levels decrease as average income decreases.

What are the 4 factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and human development

1. Access to safe water

2. Sanitations

3. Poverty

4. Discrimination

Safe water (clean water) definition

Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens, or chemicals.

Safe water things to talk about

• Unsafe water → can contain pathogens and microbes → causing diarrhoea → dehydration → repeated consumption of dirty water → deadly
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• Stagnant water → breeding of mosquitoes → carry malaria parasite → increased rates of malaria if bitten
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• Unsafe water → safe water needs to be collected → long walks → musculoskeletal conditions/time wasted
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• Consumption of unsafe water → children/adults sick → gastro → miss out on school/work

Sanitation definition

Access to sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. It can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal

Sanitation things to talk about

• Inadequate sanitation → contaminated water supplies → infectious diseases (diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid)
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• Inadequate sanitation → soil contamination → contaminated crops → if ingested → intestinal worms (hookworm)
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• Inadequate sanitation → no private toilets → girls wait until dark b4 relief → danger of harrassment/asault

Poverty definition

Poverty relates to deprivation stemming from lack of income, material resources, and intangible resources.

Absolute/extreme poverty definition

Absolute/extreme poverty relates to those living on less than PPP(Purchasing Power Parity)$3.00.

Relative poverty definition

Relative poverty relates to those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income

Poverty things to talk about

• Poverty → solid fuels → heat indoors → inadequate ventilation in houses → indoor air pollution → chronic respiratory diseases
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• Poverty → limited access to education → lack of employment → lack of income
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• Poverty → inability to afford nutritious food → decreased immune system → increased susceptibility to disease → infectious diseases
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• Poverty → less taxation → less money government can spend on infrastructure (healthcare/education)

Discrimination definition

Discrimination refers to when a person or group of people are treated differently based on a particular characteristic e.g. race, sex.

Discrimination things to talk about

• Discrimination: Discrimination → unfair treatment → sexual assault/physical beatings → increased mortality from physical harm.
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• Race (ethnic origin): Racial discrimination → poorer healthcare access → increased YLD from infectious diseases.
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• Religion: Religious discrimination → social exclusion/neglect → increased morbidity from depression.
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• Sex (birth gender): Sex discrimination → less decision-making power (e.g., forced marriage) → withdrawn from school → lack of knowledge/skills → limited choices and capabilities.
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• Sexual Orientation (sex romantically attacted to): Sexual orientation discrimination → physical/sexual assault → fear of judgment/harm → inability to lead productive and creative lives.
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• Gender Identity (sex perceived as): Gender identity discrimination → higher risk of physical/sexual assault → increased morbidity from physical harm.

Sustainability definition

Sustainability refers to meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Economic sustainability definition

Economic sustainability refers to ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and all living costs in the future.

What terms do we use when talking about a global context

• All people worldwide

• Globally

• All people in all countries

What are the 4 economic sustainability key characteristics (JETI)

• Job creation

• Economic growth

• Trade

• Innovation and diversity

Job creation definition (economic sustainability)

Jobs need to be created so that there are more opportunities for employment, allowing people to earn an income.
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things to talk about:

• earn an income → nutritious food

• earn an income → education

Economic growth defininition (economic sustainability)

Sustained growth in GNI per capita to counter the impact of inflation, to ensure that governments can continue to provide services and develop infrastructure.

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things to talk about:

• sustained growth → more money in tax revenue → gov can provide resources

Trade definition (economic sustainability)

Ensuring that there are opportunities for fair trade, for example, that people in LI and MI countries are given a fair price for their products.

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things to talk about:

• fair traides (fair prices) → reduce poverty cycle → can go to school/gain education

Innovation and diversity of industries definition (economic sustainability)

Many LI and MI countries rely on agriculture as their main industry. These industries are heavily dependent on weather patterns and can be unstable. If there are a range of industries, it means there will be less disruption to economic growth.

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things to talk about:

• range of industries → more opportunities for employment → ability to earn an income

• range of indsutries → average incomes maintained → tax revenue → government resources

Social sustainability defintion

Social sustainability refers to creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, both now and in the future

What are the 5 social sustainability key characteristics (GRASP)

• Gender equality

• Rights (political and legal)

• Access to decent working conditions

• Security and peace

• Poverty elimination and social protection

Poverty elimination and social protection definition (social sustainability)

• Social protection provdes a system for people who are unable to earn an income it can include providing resources such as housing, food, healthcare and financial assistance e.g, Centrelink in Australia. In LI and MI countries, absence of social protection drives people further into poverty. (Government interventions)

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things to talk about:

• gain acces to adequate housing

• gain access to sanitation

• gain access to nutritious food

Gender equality definition (social sustainability)

Women and girls being able to access the same opportunities as men and boys in relation to education, employment, leadershup and decision making

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things to talk about:

• females having same opportunities → greater sense of belonging

• increased life expectancy → less violence against females

• more decisions females can make individually

Safe and decent working conditions definition (social sustainability)

Relates to all people being able to access meaningful emplyment, and safe working conditions, e.g, ending child labour.

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things to talk about:

• meaningful employment → higher levels of confidence

• meaningful emplyment → less rates of prostituition → decrease in STIs

• meaningful employment → children can stay in school no need to work → increased education

Promotion of politcal and legal rights definition (social sustainability)

Minorities are often underrepresented in governments, and often do not have their rights upheld because policies are unlikely to promote awareness and action towards issues that affect these groups

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things to talk about:

• promotion of legal rights → decreased violence against women → reduced risk of injury

• developing policies → prevent discrimination → equal opportunities

Peace and security definition (social sustainability)

When a country is in conflict (ie war) its level of health is lower than in times of peace

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things to talk about:

• living daily lives without fear

• reduced mortality from death and injury

• financial resources not being directed to war efforts

Enviornmental sustainability definition

Enviornmental sustainability relates to ensuring the natrual enviornment is used in a way to preserve resources in the future,

Renewable resource definition

Renewable resources are resources that are replenished natrually over time

Non-renewable resources definition

Non-renewable resources relate to resources that are not replenished over a short period of time and become unavaliable for future generations

Enviornmetnal sustainability key terms (W BUC)

• Waste removal and pollution

• Biodiversity

• Use of natrual resources

• Climate change

Biodiversity definition (enviornmental sustainability)

Biodiversity relates to all the different forms of life, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, involved in an ecosystem (bees).

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things to talk about:

• balanced ecosystem → easy to grow crops → nutrition

• balanced ecosystem → employment in agriculture → earn an income

Natrual resources definition (enviornmental sustainability)

The manner in which natrual resources are used must be considered to ensure sustainable biodiversity.

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things to talk about:

• sustainable use of natrual resources → employment in wood cutting → future generations can earn an income

• all non-renewable resources used → not avaliable for future generations → decreased decent standard of living

Waste removal and pollution definition (enviornmental sustainability)

Maintaining clean ecosystems is important in maintaining enviornmental sustainablity.

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things to talk about:

• Pollution → breeding ground for pathogens

• Waste removal → nutrient rich soil → nutritious crops grown

• Removal of waste and pollution → no need to collect clean water each day → attend schooling

Climate change definition (enviornmental sustainability)

Refers to the long term, significant shift in global or regional weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities.

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things to talk about:

• predictable rainfall → crops can be grown → food security

• sea levels not rising → fresh water sources preserved → no cholera

• temperatures not rising → preserving ecossytems → providing essential resources (clean water, air and soil)

For tourism, digital technologies, climate change, conflict & mass migration, and increased world trade, sort these into positive and negative implications or negative implication ONLY.

Positive and negative implications: Tourism, Digital Technologies

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Negative implications: Climate change, Conflict & Mass Migration, Increased world trade

When referring to climate which points do you have to link to?

• Rising sea levls

• Changing weather patterns

• Extreme weather events

Rising sea levels (climate change) explanation

Parts of the land will end up underwater due to two main causes: thermal expansion as water warms and melting glaciers.

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Things to talk about:

• Relocation from homes/communities →increased stress and anxiety/no longer feel a sense of belonging/lack of education/work

• Waterborne diseases → due to lack of fresh water → diseases; diarrhoea/cholera

• Rising sea levels → sea water seeps into fresh water → salt water unsuitable for some plants/crops → limited food supply

Changing weather patterns (climate change) explanation

A weather pattern occurs when weather stays consistent for days or weeks, making dry regions drier and wet regions wetter. Key changes include shifts in rainfall, seasons, and temperatures.

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Things to talk about:

• Warmer temperatures → breeding ground for mosquitoes → malaria

• Consistent high heat → pollen levels increase → asthma triggered

• Sick (malaria) → cannot go to work/education

Extreme weather events (climate change) explanation

Includes events such as storms, cyclones, extreme heat, floods, droughts, and fires

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Things to talk about:

• Fires → destroy infrastructure (schools, work, hospitals)

• Extreme heat → body gets too hot → heart attacks

• Cyclones → forced relocation → missed schooling/work

• Extreme weather events → injury

Conflict explanation

Includes acts of terrorism, armed conflicts, wars and deliberate bombings

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Things to talk about:

• Bombings → injury → not free from illness/disease

• Bombings/wars → destruction of infrastructure/physical environment → limits access to essential resources → food/healthcare/watersources

Mass migration explanation

Mass migration is the movement of large groups of people from one region to another due to a crisis, such as war, persecution, human rights violations, or climate change.

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Things to talk about:

• Need to establish a new home → new location → lack of sense of belonging

• Move to new location → separation from family/friends → difficult to maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships

• Mass migration → causes refugees to be crowded → unclean living conditions → infectious diseases spread faster

• Migration can interrupt → employment/education

Tobacco (Global trends: increased world trade) explanation

Tobacco companies target low- and middle-income countries to offset lost profits in high-income nations, where smoking rates are declining due to taxes and regulations. As a result, the highest number of smokers now lives in low-income countries.

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Things to talk about:

• Tobacco products heavily marketed → encourages smoking → tobacco-related illnesses → spend money on treatment

• Tobacco products heavily marketed → pregnant women are more likely to smoke → premature birth → increased susceptibility to infections

• Tobacco products heavily marketed → encourages smoking → tobacco products purchased → no funds to be spent on essential resources

E-Cigarettes (Global trends: increased world trade) explanation

Due to falling cigarette sales, tobacco companies market new products like e-cigarettes and lobby against government regulation. While e-cigarettes may or may not contain nicotine, they still contain various chemicals, flavorings, and additives.

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Things to talk about:

• E-cigarette products heavily distributed → encourages vaping → negatively impacts → functioning of the organs (lungs and heart) → leading to lung cancer or CVD

• E-cigarette products heavily distributed → increased use → aerosol inhaled and exhaled → harmful chemicals and additives → lung cancer

• E-cigarette products heavily distributed → increased purchasing → lack of money towards → essential resources

Processed foods (Global trends: increased world trade) explanation

Processed foods refer to any food items altered before sale. While some processed foods are healthy, many are unhealthy due to added fats, sugar, salt, and preservatives.

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Things to talk about:

• Highly processed foods consumed → obesity and cancer occur → negatively impacts the functioning of the organs → inability to complete daily tasks

• Unhealthy processed food → high in fat, salt, and sugar → heaviliy marketed → excess consumption → obesity

• Highly processed foods regularly consumed → chronic diseases (severe obesity) → limited movement → cannot work and earn an income

Tourism explanation

Tourism refers to the activities people engage in when traveling to and staying in places outside their normal environment.

Toursim advantages (+ things to talk about)

• More jobs → more individuals employed → earn an income

• Economic growth → more individuals having enough money → able to purchase essential resources

• Contributes to taxes → money spent on infrastructure (healthcare/education)

• Promotes local culture → raises awareness of the value of heritage → sense of community

Tourism disadvantages (+ things to talk about)

• more pressure on local infrastructure (healthcare/education) → not enough space for all people to be treated

• More waste → leading to pollution and contamination → dirty water sources → cholera/diarrhoea

• More tourism → more transport → more CO2 emissions → worsed nutritional crop quality → due to → air pollution

Digital technologies explanation

Digital technologies include:

• wearable health devices

• telehealth services

• mobile health apps

• AI

• robotics

• digital health platforms

Digital technologies advantages (+ things to talk about)

• Analyse large amounts of data → decreased stress and anxiety → from needing to analyse and organise large amounts of health data manually

• Monitor health data in real time → track heart rate → allow for early detection of potential heart attacks → allow for early medical treatment

• Telehealth/better communication → allow remote consultations → allow for better management of disease/illness

• Better preparation for natrual disasters → reduce potential physical injury → adequate planning ahead and preparation

Digital technologies disadvantages (+ things to talk about)

• People “self diagnosing” → common misinterpretation of symptoms → unecessary/excessive worry

• Issues with privacy/confidentiality → risk of health data being leaked, hacked or breached → deter individuals from seeking medical advice online → unmanaged conditions worsening