Organic Chemistry - Chapter 22

Hydrocarbons (2 categories)

Aliphatic (Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne) and Aromatic (Benzene)

How are rings formed?

When the hydrogens are not at the ends of a carbon chain, carbons bond and form a ring

Structural Isomers

Same chemical formula, different structure and name

Geometric Isomers

Structure that prevents rotation like (double bond or ring). If 2 carbons are in a double bond, they need to have 2 DIFFERENT things attached to each carbon

Types of Geometric Isomers

Sis: When both heavy sides are on top, or same
Trans: When both heavy sides are not on the same level (opposite ends)

Substitution Reaction

Halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms on a saturated hydrocarbon chain. There will only be one halogen atom that you can see in the products.

Addition Reaction

The double bond between the carbons breaks into 2 hydrogens that go on the carbons that had the hydrogens. The extra addition from the reactants is bonded to the now two separate bonds.

Dehydrogenation Reaction

inverse of addition reactions were the hydrogens are removed and a double bond is FORMED making it unstable

Markovnikov's Rule

"the rich get richer" the carbon with the most hydrogens to start with, gains more hydrogens.

Alcohols

Carbons + OH, naming ends with -ol

Intermolecular/Trans Molecular Dehydration

Alcohol + Alcohol OH from alcohol + H from other part makes H2O. Product = ether = C - O - C. Name the two carbons and add ether to the end

Oxidation

loss of electrons, losing the H2 molecule or gaining an O atom

Oxidation of Alcohols (Primary)

1 H from OH and 1 H from carbon chain becomes H2. Result is C=O . If product is at the end, the name is ALDEHYDE

Oxidation of Aldehydes

Forms carboxylic acid C=O - OH, has strong smell

Oxidation of Alcohols (Secondary)

Take 1 H from OH and the other from carbon chain to take away H2. Product is called KETONE: C=O bond in middle of carbon chain. Cannot oxidize ketone

Condensation Reaction

Acid + Alcohol OH from acid and 1 H from carbon chain (carbocyclic acid) forms an ester : O=C-O.

Amide

Always has nitrogen molecule plus carbon chain

Aromatic Compounds

a family of cyclic organic compounds whose functional group is a benzene ring C6H6

Resonance

when pi bond electrons can be shared by more than 2 atoms. you can't add molecules because of the closed ring structure. bonds are shared equally, creates stability

Benzene + OH

phenol

Benzene + CH3

Toluene

Benzene + NH2

aniline

para

on opposite sides

meta

one apart

ortho

right next to each other

4 Types of Orbitals

s, p, d, f

s orbital

metals, sphere shape, 1 orbital, 2 electrons

p orbital

non-metals, dumbbell shape, 3 orbitals, 6 electrons

Orbital Hybridization

mixing of atomic orbitals

sp orbitals

linear, 180 degrees

sp^2 orbitals

trigonal planar, 120 degrees

sp^3 orbitals

tetrahedral shape, formed when all orbitals are mixed

Polymers

made from long chains of carbon monomers

Addition

a pi bond is broken, an initiator's unpaired electron bonds with one of the electrons in the broken pi bond, the other electron attaches to the carbon forming a repeating unit

Condensation (polymers)

take the OH from acid and H from other structure to form H2O, other product is a polymer

Copolymer

takes 2 molecules to make one repeating unit

homopolymer

takes 1 molecule to make one repeating unit