BME Exam 2

What is Biomechanics?

The application of principles from classical mechanics to study the movement of living systems.

Kinetics

Deals with forces that cause motion.

Kinematics

Deals with objects solely in terms of their position, velocity, and acceleration.

Kinetics quantities

Includes force, torque, power, and work.

Kinematics quantities

Includes time, position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Applications of biomechanics include:

Musculoskeletal disorders, gait analysis, prosthetics design, sports medicine, and cardiovascular disease.

Bioinstrumentation

The application of electronics and measurement principles to develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Measurement Systems in bioinstrumentation include:

Input, Sensor, Processor, Receiver, Output.

Ohm's Law

I = ΔV/R, where ΔV is the potential difference, I is current, and R is resistance.

Thermocouple

A sensor that produces voltage differences that depend on temperature by fusing two dissimilar metals.

Strain gauge

A sensor whose resistance varies with applied force, converting force into measurable electrical resistance.

Electrical Sensors

Used to detect the electric potential generated by cellular ionic currents.

Ion selective electrode (ISE)

A sensor that measures the concentration of specific ions, utilizing membranes that are permeable to a particular ion species.

Bioimaging

Methods that non-invasively visualize structures and biological processes, such as ultrasound, CT, and MRI.

Ultrasound imaging works by:

Producing sound waves through piezoelectric transducers, receiving echoes, and displaying images.

X-Rays

A form of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through most objects, used for imaging.

Computed tomography (CT)

X-ray images taken at different angles to construct 3D images of the body.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A diagnostic test that creates detailed images of structures using a magnetic field and radio waves.

What are the advantages of MRI?

No ionizing radiation, detailed imaging, and variable thickness of any plane.

Spatial Resolution

The detail present in an image.

Contrast in imaging modalities

The ability to distinguish between different tissues based on their density or characteristics.

What is the purpose of bioinstrumentation in medicine?

To invent, design, build, and test devices used in diagnosis and treatment.