_Biology_-Entrance_Exam___Universidad_de_Navarra__unit_4

What is cell morphology?

Cell morphology pertains to the morphological features of the cell(s) including shape, structure, form, color, texture, pattern, and size.

What are the four classifications of bacterial cell morphology?

1. Coccus (spherical shape) 2. Bacillus (rod shape) 3. Spiral (twisted shape) 4. Vibrio (comma-shaped)

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and specialized organelles, while prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not have membrane-bound organelles.

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell and provides mechanical support.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, manufacturing all proteins required by the cell.

What are lysosomes?

Lysosomes are sacs that carry digestive enzymes to break down old organelles, debris, or large ingested particles.

What is the significance of mitochondria in cells?

Mitochondria convert energy from organic molecules into ATP, assist in apoptosis, and help regulate Ca+ ions.

What dietary nutrients are stored in vacuoles?

Vacuoles store water, food, wastes, salts, or pigments.

What is the main function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy and containing chlorophyll.

What is the role of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

Plasmodesmata are tiny passages that allow material transfer and communication between adjacent plant cells.

What are the key stages of mitosis?

Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II?

Meiosis I reduces chromosome number by half, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids but maintains the haploid state.

What are the end products of glycolysis?

Glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules, a net of two ATP, and four electrons released as NADH.

How does fermentation occur in the absence of oxygen?

In anaerobic conditions, NADH donates electrons to pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ and produce organic acids or alcohol.

What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the chromosome number.

What roles do aquaporins play in cell membranes?

Aquaporins are channels that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane.

What mechanism represents active transport in cells?

Active transport mechanisms require energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient, such as the sodium-potassium pump.

What happens during prophase I of meiosis?

During prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair, and genetic exchange occurs through a process called crossing over.

What is cytoplasmic streaming?

Cytoplasmic streaming is the movement of the cytoplasm within a cell, facilitating distribution of nutrients and organelles.