Everything's An Argument: Ch. 1-7

Forensic Argument

argument in the past
Ex: court decisions

Deliberative Argument

argument in the future; establishing future policies
Ex: debate same-sex marriage

Invoked Readers

those represented in the text itself

Rhetoric

arguments based on time - past, present, future

Intended Audience

those the writer wants to address

Ethos

Credibility of a writer; trustworthiness is a mark of credibility

Types of Ethos

Knowledge, degree, experience, personality, fair, sees counter arguments, objective, goodwill, professional

Logos

given prominence/importance and authority in US culture

Types of Logos

logic, statistics, logical reasoning, logical analogy, syllogism, definition, citing authority, historical references, facts

Epideictic/Ceremonial Argument

arguments about the present; Who or what deserves the blame?
Ex: graduation or eulogies

Rogerian Argument

this approaches audiences in a non-threatening way; finding a common ground and establish trust among people you disagree with.
Introduction, Contexts, Writer's position, Benefits to Opponents

Kairos

the right time and place to make an argument and the most opportune ways to make it

Proposal Argument

present an issue or problem so vividly that readers say what can we do?

Arguments of Evaluation

present criteria and then measure individual people, ideas, or things against those standards

Pathos

emotional appeal; generate emotions that the writer hopes will lead the audience to accept the claim

Types of Pathos

emotional language, needs and values, emotion

Argument of Definition

arguments of questions, issues of definition have mighty consequences

Argument of Fact

a statement that can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimonies

Invitational Argument

when a group of people have a mutual exploration that are based on respect, they invite others to join them. Learning and understand opposing arguments

Stasis

the status of the argument, the kinds of issues addressed, designed to help determine the point of contention (dispute) in an argument

Inductive Reasoning

piles of specific examples and draws a conclusion from examples

Deductive Reasoning

sets out general principles (Major Premise) and applies it to a specific case (Minor Premise) in order to reach a conclusion

Classic Oration

Exordium: win audiences attention
Narratio: presents case facts
Partitio: divide subject, explain claim, key issues, and in what order the subject will be in
Confirmatio: details supporting claim using logical reasoning and factual evidence
Refutatio: recognize & refute opposing claims
Peroratio: summarize case & moves audience to action

Five-Part Oration (Updated)

Intro, Background, Lines of Argument: presents good reasons using pathos and logos, Alternative Arguments, conclusion

Qualifiers

acknowledging limitation
Ex: few, many, rarely

Fallacies

arguments flawed by their nature or structure

Scare Tactic

scaring the audience into doing or believing something

Either-or Choices

well-intentioned strategies to get something accomplished; reducing complicated issues into 2 options with one preferred option
Ex: eat your broccoli or you wont get any dessert

Slippery Slope

portrays today's tiny misstep as tomorrows slide into disaster

Overly Sentimental Appeals

use tender emotions excessively to distract readers from facts

Bandwagon Appeal

following the same path everyone else is taking

Appeals to False Authority

Occurs when writers offer themselves or other authorities as sufficient warrant for believing a claim
Claim: x is true because I say so
Warrant: what I say must be true

Dogmatism

asserts or assumes that a particular position is the only one that is acceptable; truth is self-evident and needs no support

Ad Hominem Argument

Attack a person's personality instead of the claim they present, distracting them from making a reasonable appeal or successful argument

Stacking the Deck

Showing one one side of the story the side in their favor

Hasty Generalizations

An inference drawn form insufficient evidence, based on stereotypes of people or objects.
Ex: My Honda broke down; then all Hondas must be junk

Faulty Casuality

first event/action caused the second

Begging the Question

You can't give me "C" I am an "A" student.
Claim: Can't give me a "C"
Reason: I am an "A" student
Warrant: An "A" student can't get "C"'s

Equivocation

half truths or arguments that give lies and honest appearance based on tricks of a language
Ex: "I wrote the entire paper myself" The person copied this paper word for word form someone else but he did write each word down

Non-Sequitur

An argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants don't logically connect
Ex: You don't love me or you'd buy me that bike

Straw Man

Attacking an argument that really isn't there, often a much weaker or more extreme one than the opponent is actually making

Red Herring

changes the subject abruptly to throw the reader or listener off track

Faulty Analogy

Inaccurate or inconsequential comparison between objects or concepts

Historical References

referring to a past, historical event
Ex: Boston Tea Party or Nazi Germany

Definition

defining a word in a persuasive essay
Ex: extremist or time in King's essay

Citing Authority

citing a credible person in a persuasive essay
Ex: Socrates or Jesus

Logical Analogy

A comparison of two thing used in a persuasive essay
Ex: King's peaceful action to Jesus

Logical Structures

Degree: comprehend the point because they agree
Analogy: complex/extended comparison of 2 things

Inartistic Proofs

Arguments the writer/speaker is given
Ex: hard evidence, facts, statistics, docs, witnesses

Artistic Proofs

Arguments the writer/speaker creates
Ex: Constructed arguments, appeals to reason, common sense

Enthymeme

a sentence with a claim and a reason but depends on the audience's agreement with an assumption; persuasive
Ex: We'd better cancel the picnic because it is going to rain

Toulmin Argument

analyzing a text that we read, wanting to respond to that argument then analyzing & improving the argument we made

Rhetorical Analysis

a close reading of the text to find how and whether it persuades; or becomes an argument

Thesis

the main point or argument of a persuasive text on its own merits

Syllogism

Contains a major and minor premise that must be true so the conclusion to be true
Maj. Premise: We would deem a person immoral if they chose a luxury over a life
Min. Premise: We buy luxuries instead of donating
Conclusion: We are living immorally