APHG vocab 1-7

Human Geography

Study of people AND places

- How we make places

- How we organize space and society

- How we interact with each other in places and across spaces

- How we make sense of others and ourselves in our localities, regions, and the world.

• How we make places

• How we organize space and society

• How we interact with each other in places and across spaces

• How we make sense of others and ourselves in our localities, regions, and the world.

Reference Maps

maps used to show land-forms and/or places

Political Maps

Reference map that shows political boundaries. (e.g. countries, cities, capitals, etc)

Thematic Maps

Maps used to display specific types of information (theme) pertaining to an area.

Cartogram

Thematic map that shows statistical data by transforming space e.g. population (look for maps that make it look like you took too much tylenol.

Choropleth map

Thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data. (amazing map)

Dot Density Map

Thematic map that uses dots to represent the frequency of a variable in a given area

Graduated Symbols Map (Proportional Symbols Map)

Thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data. (e.g. population AGAIN)

Absolute Distance

Measurement using a standard unit of length. (e.g. mile, kilometer)

Relative Distance

Measurement of the social, cultural, and/or economic connectivity between places (how connected or disconnected) e.g. USA and Iran vs USA and China

Absolute Direction

Finding a location using compass direction e.g. north, south, east, west

Relative Direction

Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places

spatial pattern

The way things are laid out and organized on the surface of the Earth.

Clustering: Objects that form a group (e.g. Coastal Population)

Dispersal: Objects that are scattered. (e.g. Rural Population)

Elevation: Height above sea level.

Spatial Scale

Hierarchy of Spaces

e.g. location of French speakers:

global: in the World

regional: in North America

national: in Canada

local: in Quebec

Map Distortion

All maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-dimensional surface onto a 2-dimensional surface in area, distance, shape, and/or direction

Map Projection

A way to transfer the 3-dimensional earth onto a 2-dimensional map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction.

Geographic Data

Information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed)

Geospatial Technology

Technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal (navigation), business (marketing), and governmental (environmental planning) purposes

GIS (Geographic Information System)

• map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data

• data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships

e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, crime rates

Satellite Navigation Systems (SATNAV)

System of satellites that provide geo-spatial positioning. (e.g. GPS)

Remote Sensing

Collecting data with instruments that are distant from the area of study

Types of remote sensors: satellites, planes, aircraft, spacecraft, ships, buoys.

Uses of Remote Sensing:

• Tack storm systems

• Search for natural resources

• Military Surveillance

• Monitor Volcanoes

• Monitor Deforestation/glacier melting

• Letting the FBI wiretap without probable cause.

Online Mapping and Visualization.

Compilation and publication of web sites that provide graphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals.

https://www.gunviolencearchive.org/

just flip this it's a note

Spatial information can also come from written accounts (not just technology): field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, and photographic evidence.

Census Data:

Systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

Satellite Imagery

Images of earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world.

(think google earth, though sentinel hub will give you better data and imagery of places that google earth won't, but the image quality is worse)

https://www.sentinel-hub.com/explore/eobrowser/

Absolute Location

Describes the precise location of a place using the Earth's Graticule (latitude and longitude).

Relative Location

Describes the location of a place in relation to other human and physical features.

Space (Geography)

Relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts. (e.g. geographers study phenomena across space)

Place

Describes an area on the surface of the Earth with distinguishing human & physical characteristics. (Place is space with meaning.) e.g. Agra, India; Moscow, Russia, Amsterdam, Nederland

Pattern

An arrangement of objects on earth, including the space in between those objects

Human Environment Interaction

Describes the ways humans modify or adapt to the natural world. (e.g. bridges, dams, houses, roads)

Distance Decay

The idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance.

Time-Space Compression

Term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same.

Time-space Convergence

Term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication

Movement (Geography)

Describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas move from place to place.

Flows (Geography)

Movement in a steady stream. e.g. migration

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. (Burger King in Baghdad, Iraq)

Network

a system of interconnected people, goods, information, transportation, communication, finance

Sustainability

Meeting an increased demand for resources (energy, food, fuel) in a way that protects the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Natural Resources

Something found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans (e.g. forest, mineral deposit, water, OIL!!!)

Land Use

The function of land (e.g. agricultural, commercial, residential, transportation, recreation)

(how you zone something in cities skylines )

Environmental Determinism

Theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards particular development; human society development is controlled by the environment.

Possibilism

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

Spatial Scale

Analyzing data at a variety of scales-global, regional, national, local

e.g. Location of French Speakers

Global: in the World

Regional: in North America

Local: in Quebec

Patterns and processes at different scales

Analyzing data at different rates reveals variations/different interpretations of data.

e.g. Fertility Rate

Global: 2.4

Regional: (in Sub Saharan Africa (4.7)

National: (in Tunisia) 2.1

source: UNDATA report circa 2023??

Region

Describes an area on Earth marked by similarity in some way (a way to organize space)

Regionalism

Refers to a group's perceived identification with a particular region. (e.g. the South)

Formal Region

Region marked by a shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.) e.g. The Keys, The Caribbean

Functional Region

A region marked by a particular set of activities that occur (e.g. Southwest Airlines, Newspaper, etc)

Perceptual/Vernacular Region

Region that exists as an idea. (e.g. the South, Kurdistan)

Regional Boundaries

transitional and often contested and overlapping e.g. Northern Cyprus, Kurdistan and Turkiyë, and Northern Ireland

Regional Analysis

Analyzing regions at a variety of scales-global, national, local

e.g. Muslim Population

Global: In the world

National: In Albania

Local: Tepelenë

Physical Map

Reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, and elevation.

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

population distribution

the pattern of people scattered over an area

population density

the number of people within a given area

human factors

culture, economics, history, politics

physical factors

climate, landforms, water bodies

ecumene

the habitable parts of the world

e.g. along fertile rivers, plains

population density

measure of total population relative to land size