Chapter 1

Characteristics of living organisms

Movement

An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

Respiration

describes the chemical reaction in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism

Sensitivity

the ability to detected respond to change in the internal or external environment

Growth

a permanent increase in size and dry mass

Reproduction

the process that makes more of the same kind of organism

Excretion

the removal of waste products of metabolism and substances in excess of requirements

Nutrition

the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development

Species

a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Genus ｟𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙: genera｠

a group of closely related species

Binomial system

an internationally agreed system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus and species

Population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

Dichotomous key

a step by step approach to identify unfamiliar organisms. Each key is made up of pairs of contrasting features

Evolution

the gradual change in a species over time

Autotrophic

produces their own food through photosynthesis (or chemical energy

Heterotrophic

organisms that cannot make their own food

Kingdom

a category of living organisms

Arthropods

the arthropods include crustacea, insects, myriapods and arachnids. They have jointed limbs, antennae, compound eyes, an exoskeleton and a cuticle.

Insects

insects have a segmented body with a exoskeleton, 3 pairs of jointed limbs, compound eyes and usually wings. the segments are grouped into head, thorax and abdomen.

Arachnids

arachnids have a body that is divided into 2 regions; a combined head and thorax known as the 𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐡𝐥𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱; and the abdomen. they have 4 pairs of limbs on their cephalothorax.

they also have 2 pairs of 𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐥𝐩𝐬. one pair is used in reproduction; the other is used pierce their prey and paralyze it with a poison secreted by a 𝐠𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐝 at the base.

There are usually several pairs of 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐞𝐲𝐞𝐬.

Myriapods

myriapods have a head and a segmented body with pair of legs

The plant kingdom

• vascular plants (well developed xylem and phloem)

• cell wall made up of cellulose + photosynthesis
  

Division

Red Algae, brown algae, green algae
- seaweeds and filamentous forms; mostly aquatic

(class) Bryophytes

no specialized conducting tissue

Classes of plant kingdoms

Ferns

• Conifers (seeds not enclosed in fruits)

• Flowering plants (seeds enclosed in fruits)

• Liverworts

• Mosses

rhizoid is ?

Subclasses of plant kingdoms

Monocotyledons (grass, lilies)
Dicotyledons (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants)

Family of plant kingdom

e.g. Ramunculaceae
(genus and species name of this is: Ramunculus)

Vascular tissue

means they have vessels
used to distinguish between vascular & non- vascular plants

Reproduction method

used to distinguish between spore producing & seed producing plants

Flowers

used to distinguish between flowering & non-flowering plants

Plant body structure

used to distinguish between simple & complex plants

Type of roots

used to distinguish between true rots & rhizoids

Leaves

used to distinguish between true roots & leaf-like structures

Habitat

used to distinguish between aquatic & terrestrial plants

Monocotyledon

• one cotyledon (seed leaves)

• parallel leaf veins

• Fibrous roots

• Flower parts: usually in multiples of 3

Dicotyledons

• two cotyledons

• branched or net-like veins

• tap root system

• flower parts: usually in multiples of 4 or 5

Fibrous roots vs tap root system

Bacteria (prokaryote)

• prokaryotic

• has a cell wall

• unicellular

• heterotrophic or autotrophic

• asexual reproduction

Dog (animalia)

• eukaryotic

• no cell wall

• heterotrophic

• multicellular

• sexual reproduction

Mushroom

• eukaryotic

• cell wall

• heterotrophic

• multicellular

• spores

Fern (Plantae)

• eukaryotic

• cell wall

• autotrophic

• multicellular

• vascular tissue

• spores

Amoeba (protocista)

• eukaryotic

• no cell wall

• heterotrophic

• unicellular

• asexual reproduction

Ferns

• known for their large feathery leaves known as fronds.
  
  ==>this allows them to capture sunlight effectively

Spore formation

when an asexual reproductive body grows on the plant & grows as an individual plant when the spores are ready they’re often able to grow into new plants

Spongaria

where spores are produced and stored.

Sori (sorus)

• brown clusters on the underside of fern leaf

• sorus contains many spongaria until it it’s ready to reproduce

Spores

tiny reproductive cells inside the sori

Fronds

• allows leaves to capture sunlight

• known for their large feathery leaves known as fronds

Rachis

supports the leaflets and transports water, nutrients and sugar

The Fungi kingdom

• Most organisms are made up of an hyphae rather than cells, and there are many nuclei distributed throughout the cytoplasm in their hyphae

more abt fungi kingdom

• Fungi include organisms such as mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, etc
  

• Some fungal species are parasites, where they cause diseases which can affect crops. e.g. mildew
  

• To feed, fungi secrete digestive enzymes in their surroundings and absorb the digestive molecules as a source of nutrients (decomposers)

Septate hyphae

Septate hyphae are fungal filaments with cross-walls (septa) that divide them into individual cells.
These septa create a segmented or "bamboo stalk" appearance.

Coenocytic hyphae

Coenocytic hyphae, also known as aseptate hyphae, are a type of fungal filament that lacks septa (cross-walls) and are characterized by being multinucleate.

The Prokaryotic kingdom

Pro