Evidence

Evidence - Appeal

Drawing on what others say. NOTE: For flaws and assumptions, ask “is it enough?”

Evidence - Using the Past

Using past facts to predict future or current conclusion. NOTE: ask yourself “is it possible things changed or is past no longer relevant?”

Evidence - Analogies

Using similar but unrelated situations to support conclusion. NOTE: For Flaws and assumptions, ask yourself “are two events really the same or logically comparable?”

Evidence - Generalizing from sample

Using sample to generalize conclusion. NOTE: ask “is sample appropriate, is sample discussed in evidence representative of sample discussed in conclusion?”

Evidence - Counterexample

using example to counter conclusion when one arguer makes a generalization

Evidence - Conditional

Evidence based on conditional relationships, T/F, are absolute and hold always when condition is met. “If, then”

Evidence - Causation on correlation

concludes that A causes B. Key words: Due to, fosters, responsible. NOTE: to weaken causal argument, ID alternative cause that’s provided or observed.

Evidence - signal words

Because, since, after all, on grounds that, since that, after all, given that, for, as shown by