Body Fluid and Electrolytes

The greatest gain in body fluid comes from ingestion of fluid.

A) True

B) False

A

Loss of fluid is greatest

A) through the kidney

B) from sweating

C) from feces

D) from respiration

A

The hormone aldosterone can _______ blood pressure by increasing the ________.  This is due to an increase in sodium and water retention.

A) increase; stroke volume

B) decrease; heart rate

C) increase; heart rate

D) decrease; stroke volume

A

Natriuretic peptides _________.

A) promote both water and salt reabsorption

B) permit salt excretion

C) promote water reabsorption

D) block salt excretion

B

Water reabsorption in the kidney is under the control of ________.

A) atrial natriuretic peptide

B) brain natriuretic peptide

C) antidiuretic hormone

D) aldosterone

C

Your would expect to see _______ serum and _______ urine when there is an excess of antidiuretic hormone.

A) dilute; dilute

B) concentrated; dilute

C) concentrated; concentrated

D) dilute; concentrated

D

You would expect to see _______ serum and ______ urine when there is a lack of antidiuretic hormone.

A) concentrated; concentrated

B) dilute; concentrated

C) concentrated; dilute

D) dilute; dilute

C

A quick way to assess the state of hydration is using ________.

A) serum osmolality-measure

B) skin turgor (pinch skin)

C) volume of urine-measure

B

Extracellular volume excess is usually due to ____________.

A) inadequate water intake

B) kidney retention of sodium and water

C) lack of aldosterone

D) lack of ADH

B

Saline excess can occur in which of the following conditions?

A) inadequate water intake

B) excessive water elimination

C) excessive ADH secretion

D) excessive natriuretic peptide secretion

A, B

Edema is defined as an increase in interstitial fluid.

A) True

B) False

A

Twitching and hyper-excitability of nerves is seen in ___________.

A) hypernatremia

B) hypercalcemia

C) hyponatremia

D) hypocalcemia

D

Sluggish reflexes are seen in _____________.

A) hypernatremia

B) hypercalcemia

C) hyponatremia

D) hypocalcemia

B

The result of effect of hyper-kalemia on nerve cells is _________.

A) hyperpolarization

B) hypopolarization

B

The effect of hypokalemia on nerve cells is _________.

A) hyperpolarization

B) hypopolarization

A

The effect of excess magnesium on nerve cell terminals is to _______.

A) increased acetylcholinesterase activity

B) decrease the amount of acetylcholine released

C) decreases acetylcholinesterase

D) increases the amount of acetylcholine released

B

Electrolyte imbalances affect _________.

A) nerves

B) epithelial tissue

C) heart

D) skeletal muscle

A, C, D

ATP deficiency is associated with ________.

A) hyperphosphataemia

B) hyperkalemia

C) hypokalemia

D) hypophosphatemia

D

Hyperphosphatemia can be a cause of ____________.

A) hypercalcemia

B) hypocalcemia

C) hypokalemia

D) hypophosphatemia

B

Hypertonic extracellular fluids lead to __________.

A) cellular swelling

B) cellular shrinking

B