Studied by 1 person
Observable realities that can be verified through empirical evidence.
Facts
Personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate.
Opinions
The first woman to earn a PhD in psychology and who focused her research on animal behavior and cognition.
Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)
She was a first-generation American psychologist who opposed the behavior movement, conducted research on memory, and established one of the earliest experimental psychology labs in the US and was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association by 1946.
Mary Whiton Calkins (1895-1934)
The first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in 1920. He is known for his work focused on issued related to psychoanalysis. One of the founders of Howard University’s psychology department sometimes referred to as “Father of Black Psychology.”
Francis Sumner (1895-1954)
First African America woman to receive a PhD in psychology. She focused on educational psychology and the effects of racial segregation on children. Influential in the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case, advocating for the importance of equal educational opportunities.
Inez Beverly Prosser (1895 -1934)
APA
The American Psychological Association; founded in 1892.
Generalization of real world ideas that are tested through hypotheses and observations, leading to conclusions based on general principles.
Deductive reasoning
real-world ideas that lead to new observations and generalizations based on specific instances or evidence.
Scientists use this to formulate theories which in turn generate hypothesis are tested with the opposing reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Real-world observations associated with inductive processes
Empirical Observations
well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation of observed phenomena.
Theory
Testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct; often worded in “if-then” statements
Hypothesis
James-Lang Theory
Theory of Emotion
Capable of being shown to be incorrect
Falsifiable
Types of Research
Observation research, Survey research, Archival research, Correlational research, Experimental Research
Generalizing
the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society
Naturalistic Observation
observing behavior in its natural setting
Jane Goodall
An anthropologist who uses naturalistic observation to study the behavior of chimpanzees in Africa.
Strange Situation
procedure by Mary Ainsworth used to evaluate attachment styles that exist between infant and caregiver
People closely involved who may unconsciously skew their observation to fit their research goals or expectations
Observer Bias
a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers
Inter-rater reliability
List of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally
Survey
A subset of individuals selected from a population
Sample
Overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
Population
Mode, Median, and Mean
The three measure of central tendency; mode is the most frequently occurring response, median is the middle of a given data set, and the mean is the average of all data points - most useful in conducting analytical data
The use of existing records to answer various research questions; relies on data set to show patterns or relationships
Archival Research
A research design in which data-gathering is required over an extended period of time
Longitudinal Research
Research is compared across multiple segments of a particular group at the same time; can be limited by differences of individuals by generation, social, or cultural experiences
Cross-Sectional research
reduction in number, size, or strength
Attrition
Research that involves a relationship between two or more variables, but does does imply cause and effect
Correlation Research
A number from -1 to +1 that indicated the strength and direction of the relationship between variables; usually represented by the letter r
Correlation Coefficient
A variable that influences both the independent and dependent variable; temperature being that variable between the ice cream and crime example
Confounding variable
False correlations
Illusory Correlation
Ignoring evidence or information that would falsify our beliefs or “hunches”
Confirmation bias
A precise description of variable
Operational Definition
The possibility that the researcher’s expectation could might skew the results of an experiment
experimenter bias
One of the participants or groups are uninformed of the experimental/control group while the experimenter is in full knowledge of which group the participant or group belongs to
single-blind study
Both the researcher and the participants are uninformed of the group (control or experimental) assignments
double-blind study
This manipulated or controlled by the experimenter
independent variable
the researcher measure this to see how much effect the other variable has/had.
dependent variable
The subjects of the research who actively participate in the study
Participants
The subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
Random Sample
All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
Random assignment
the ability to consistently produce a given result
Reliability
Types of reliability
inter-rater reliability ( the degree to which two or more different observers agree on the observation)
internal consistency (when different items on a survey that measure the same thing correlate with each other)
test-retest reliability ( the degree to which the outcomes of a particular measure remain consistent over multiple attempts)
the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure
Validity
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