Chapter 5 Lecture 1 Circulatory System
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373 Terms
What is the primary responsibility of the cardiovascular system?
Transport blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body.
What three major components make up the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Which blood vessels are included in the cardiovascular system?
Arteries and veins.
Why is the cardiovascular system essential for survival?
It delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products.
What determines the efficiency of the cardiovascular system?
Heart function, blood vessel condition, and blood characteristics.
How can blood vessel constriction affect circulation?
It decreases blood flow.
How can blood vessel dilation affect circulation?
It increases blood flow.
How can coronary artery disease impair circulation?
Plaque buildup narrows vessels and reduces blood flow.
What is anemia?
A reduction in red blood cells or oxygen-carrying capacity.
What is polycythemia?
A condition involving an increased red blood cell count.
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system regarding oxygen?
Transport oxygen to body cells.
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system regarding carbon dioxide?
Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
What is whole blood?
Plasma and formed elements together.
What are the formed elements of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What are red blood cells also called?
Erythrocytes.
What are white blood cells also called?
Leukocytes.
What are platelets responsible for?
Blood clotting.
What is the average blood volume of an adult male?
Approximately 5–6 liters.
What is the average blood volume of an adult female?
Approximately 4–5 liters.
What blood volume is generally considered average for an adult?
About 5 liters.
Approximately what percentage of body weight is blood?
About 8%.
What is plasma?
The liquid portion of blood.
What percentage of plasma is water?
Approximately 91%.
What are the major plasma proteins?
Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
What is the primary function of albumin?
Helps keep fluid inside blood vessels.
How does albumin help prevent dehydration?
It holds water within the vascular system.
What kinds of substances are dissolved in plasma besides proteins?
Waste products, acids, nutrients, and other solutes.
What is one function of blood related to acid-base balance?
Regulating pH.
What is one function of blood related to fluid balance?
Regulating osmosis.
How does blood contribute to homeostasis?
By maintaining proper pH and fluid balance.
How does blood help regulate body temperature?
By distributing heat throughout the body.
How does blood protect the body?
By helping fight infections and foreign substances.
What is the normal red blood cell count?
Approximately 4–6 million/mm³.
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
Biconcave disc.
Why is the biconcave shape important?
It increases surface area for gas exchange.
How does the biconcave shape enhance oxygen transport?
It improves gas movement and oxygen binding.
What hormone regulates red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin (EPO).
Which organ produces erythropoietin?
The kidneys.
When does erythropoietin production increase?
During hypoxia.
What is hypoxia?
A deficiency of oxygen in the body.
Why does hypoxia stimulate EPO production?
To increase oxygen-carrying capacity.
Where are red blood cells produced?
Bone marrow.
Approximately how many red blood cells are produced each second?
About 2 million.
Which organs remove old red blood cells?
The spleen and liver.
What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?
About 120 days.
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
What does a decreased red blood cell count indicate?
Anemia.
What does an increased red blood cell count indicate?
Polycythemia.
Why are COPD patients prone to polycythemia?
Chronic low oxygen levels stimulate excess RBC production.
What laboratory test measures major blood cell types?
Complete Blood Count (CBC).
What is hemoglobin?
The major protein component of red blood cells.
What gives blood its red color?
Hemoglobin.
Approximately what fraction of a red blood cell is hemoglobin?
About one-third.
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
Bind and transport oxygen.
How many heme groups are present on one hemoglobin molecule?
Four.
What is the normal hemoglobin range for males?
14–18 g/dL.
What is the normal hemoglobin range for females?
12–16 g/dL.
Why is oxygen therapy alone often insufficient in severe anemia?
There is not enough hemoglobin available to carry oxygen.
What treatment may be required for severe anemia?
Blood transfusion.
Why might trauma patients require blood transfusions?
Blood loss reduces oxygen-carrying capacity.
What effect does decreased hemoglobin have on oxygen transport?
Decreases oxygen-carrying capacity.
Why can low hemoglobin affect tissues and muscles?
Less oxygen reaches them.
Why might iron supplements be used before transfusions?
To support hemoglobin production.
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells.
How are red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit related?
They generally rise and fall together.
What is the normal hematocrit for males?
About 45%.
What is the normal hematocrit for females?
About 42%.
How can dehydration affect hematocrit?
It increases hematocrit.
How can vomiting contribute to elevated hematocrit?
Fluid loss causes dehydration.
What treatment can correct dehydration-related high hematocrit?
Fluid replacement.
What effect does chronic kidney disease have on hematocrit?
It can lower hematocrit.
What blood disorders can lower hematocrit?
Anemia, leukemia, and sickle cell disease.
What is the Rule of Three?
A method for estimating hemoglobin and hematocrit from RBC count.
How is hemoglobin estimated using the Rule of Three?
RBC count × 3.
What are common causes of anemia?
Nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, folate deficiency, B12 deficiency, hemolysis, bone marrow failure, and sickle cell disease.
How can celiac disease contribute to anemia?
Decreased iron absorption.
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
Anemia caused by significant blood loss.
What does hemorrhage mean?
Severe blood loss.
What are examples of causes of hemorrhagic anemia?
Trauma, GI bleeding, and excessive menstrual bleeding.
What does hemolytic mean?
Destruction of red blood cells.
What are examples of causes of hemolytic anemia?
Autoimmune disorders, newborn hemolytic disease, and snake venom.
What is aplastic anemia?
Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells.
What can cause aplastic anemia?
Cancer treatments, radiation, or bone marrow damage.
What is sickle cell disease?
A hereditary disorder affecting red blood cells.
What type of genetic disorder is sickle cell disease?
Autosomal recessive.
What causes the abnormal shape of red blood cells in sickle cell disease?
Defective hemoglobin.
What shape do red blood cells take in sickle cell disease?
Sickle-shaped.
Why do sickle-shaped red blood cells cause problems in circulation?
They stick to vessel walls and each other.
Why are blood clots common in sickle cell disease?
Sickled cells obstruct blood flow.
Why is sickle cell disease often associated with severe pain?
Blocked blood vessels reduce oxygen delivery to tissues.
How long do sickled red blood cells typically survive?
About 10–20 days.
Why are sickle cell patients prone to anemia?
Their red blood cells are destroyed rapidly.
What type of anemia is commonly associated with sickle cell disease?
Hemolytic anemia.
How does abnormal hemoglobin affect oxygen binding?
Oxygen does not bind effectively.
What effect does sickle cell disease have on oxygen-carrying capacity?
It decreases oxygen-carrying capacity.
Why do sickle cell patients often experience chronic hypoxia?
Their hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen normally.
What are packed red blood cells (PRBC)?
Red blood cells with most plasma removed.
Why are PRBCs given instead of whole blood in many cases?
To increase oxygen-carrying capacity without excess plasma.
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
Defend the body against infection and disease.
What types of threats do white blood cells fight?
Parasites, bacteria, viruses, toxins, and tumors.