DEFORESTATION AND DESERTIFICATION

UNIT 1: CHANGE AND CONSEQUENCES

These plants need a moist ____ soil and a sheltered position. (Fertile land can produce a large number of good quality crops.)

fertile /ˈfɜː.taɪl/ (adj) (C2)

We are holidaying in ____ Ireland next year (in or from the north part of an area (larger areas))

northern /ˈnɔː.ðən/ (adj) (B1)

The ____ side of the building gets less sunlight (in or forming the north part of something (to refer to specific places or to direction of movement))

North /nɔːθ/ (adj) (A2)

a ____ improvement in weather conditions (very small in amount or effect)

marginal /ˈmɑː.dʒɪ.nəl/ (adj) (C2)

The company is in a ____ period as it adopts new technology (belonging or relating to a change, or the process of change, from one form or type to another)

transitional /trænˈzɪʃ.ən.əl/ (adj)

The desert is so ____ that nothing can grow there. (very dry and without enough rain for plants)

arid /ˈær.ɪd/ (adj) (C2)

Troops quickly ____ the city. (to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time)

occupy /ˈɒk.jə.paɪ/ (verb) (B2)

____, I didn't have my credit card, or else I would have bought it (used to say that something is sad, disappointing, or has a bad effect)

unfortunately /ʌnˈfɔː.tʃən.ət.li/ (adverb) (A2)

Fashion trends from ____ century are making a comeback (refers to the most recent, final, or previous in a sequence of events or items.)

the last /ðiː læst/ (adj)

Prices have risen ____ (slowly over a period of time or a distance)

steadily /ˈsted.əl.i/ (adverb) (B2)

I ____ around the corner, hoping my brother wouldn’t see me (to move slowly, quietly, and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed)

creep /kriːp/ (verb) (C2)

The rain moved slowly ____ (towards the south)

southward /ˈsaʊθ.wəd/ (adverb)

We had a very ____ meeting - I felt we solved lots of problems (having positive results)

productive /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/ (adj) (B2)

She went into the hospital when her condition began to ____ (to become worse)

deteriorate /dɪˈtɪə.ri.ə.reɪt/ (verb) (C1)

The ____ has led to strict water-use restrictions (a long period when there is little or no rain)

drought /draʊt/ (noun) (C2)

The concert ____ next Thursday (to happen)

take place (phrase) (B1)

They're building a new bridge ____ the river (from one side to the other of something with clear limits, such as an area of land, a road, or a river)

across /əˈkrɒs/ (preposition) (A2)

The door opened and a nurse came ____ the room (to the inside or middle of a place, container, area, etc.)

into /ˈɪn.tuː/ (preposition) (A1)

Citrus fruits are a ____ source of vitamin C (more important, bigger, or more serious than others of the same type)

major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/ (adj) (B2)

One of the major causes of this desert advance is poor agricultural land use, ____ the pressures of increasing population (To be very motivated by (something))

be driven by (phrase)

The area is suffering from ____ by livestock (a situation in which there are too many cows or other animals eating grass in an area, which damages the environment)

overgrazing /ˌəʊ.vəˈɡreɪ.zɪŋ/ (noun)

These plants need a moist ____ soil and a sheltered position (Fertile land can produce a large number of good quality crops)

fertile /ˈfɜː.taɪl/ (adj) (C2)

____ are often the main source of income in rural areas (animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens)

livestock /ˈlaɪv.stɒk/ (plural noun)

Food and clean water were becoming ____ (not easy to find or get)

scarce /skeəs/ (adj) (C1)

We seem to have ____ this topic of conversation (to use something completely)

exhaust /ɪɡˈzɔːst/ (verb) (C1)

The farmers harvested their ____ before the storm hit (cultivated plants grown in large amounts for food or livestock feed)

crops /krɒps/ (plural noun) (B1)

The fire ____ damage to their property (to cause a particular situation to happen)

resulted in /rɪˈzʌlt ɪn/ (phrasal verb) (B2)

Soil ____ can be caused by overgrazing and deforestation (a process in which soil is gradually removed by waves, rain, or wind)

erosion /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ (noun) (C1)

Rain in the morning will ____ snow during the afternoon (to change or develop from one thing to another)

turn into /tɜːn ˈɪn.tuː/ (phrasal verb)

Without ____, crops cannot grow effectively (the top layer of ground rich in organic matter and nutrients)

topsoil /ˈtɑpˌsɔɪl/ (noun)

Smoking has caused ____ damage to his lungs (that cannot be changed back to what it was before)

irreversible /ˌɪr.ɪˈvɜː.sə.bəl/ (adj)

They gave her an injection to ____ the pain (to become smaller or less)

lessen /ˈles.ən/ (verb) (C1)

"____!" called the guard. "You can't go any further without a permit" (to stop something or someone)

halt /hɒlt/ (verb)

There's a ____ of food and shelter in the refugee camps (a lack of something needed)

shortage /ˈʃɔː.tɪdʒ/ (noun) (B2)

They opened a ____ to provide temporary housing for the city's homeless (a building that gives protection)

shelter /ˈʃel.tər/ (noun) (B2)

He didn’t want to ____ his parents in his personal problems (to include someone or something as a necessary part)

involve /ɪnˈvɒlv/ (verb) (B1)

His proposal sounded good, but it just wasn't financially ____ (that can be done or successful)

viable /ˈvaɪəbl/ (adj) (C2)

The bus was delayed ____ heavy snow (because of something)

due to /djuː tuː/ (phrase) (B1)

Desertification is caused by overgrazing, but this ____ is due to the pressure from increasing population (as a result of something in a series of events)

in turn /ɪn tɜːn/ (phrase) (C1)

a place where people who have escaped their own country can live, usually in bad conditions and only expecting to stay for a limited time

refugee camp /ref.jʊˈdʒiː ˌkæmp/ (noun)

beekeeping /ˈbiːkiːpɪŋ/ (noun)