GB: Interphase (L3)

when we are born we receive a complete set of what?

DNA

contains genetic code; double helix; nakabalot sa dna protein (histome)

dna

name of the dna protein

histome

what would happen if the dna is totally wrapped in histome

it would form a bead called nucleosome

a series of beads that when coils or dense it will be called chromatin fiber or chromatin

nucleosome

kapag nagcoil or dense yung chromatin fiber

chromosomes

single strand or single helix

rna

2 regions of chromosomes

p arm (short) and q arm (long arm)

single strand of duplicated chromosomes

chromatids

pag nagjoin na yung chromatids

sister chromatids

naglilink sa sister chromatids para di maghiwalay

centromere

46 chromosomes in each cells

1 to 22

somatic cell or autosomes

23

allosomes sex chromosomes or gametes

according sa scientists walang nagooccur na division dito; nadiscover na cells are active kahit di pa nagdedivide; growth period sa cell cycle; preparatory stage sa mitosis; cell undergo cell growth and replication; divided in 3 checkpoints

interphase

checkpoints of interphase

gap 1, synthesis, gap 2

first growth phase; post mitotic phase

gap 1 (G1)

follows gap 2

synthesis (S)

2nd growth mitotic phase; pre mitotic phase; checkpoint hwerein malapit na magoccur yung mitosis or malapit na magdiide yung cells

gap 2 (G2)

• cell growth

• active yung cells, carries out normal function but di nagdidivide

• growth ng cell

• active synthesis of rna and proteins

  (nagpoproduce ng rna and protein)

• cells are active when it comes to physiological function, contributes to regular functioning if body

• no replication ng dna

events in g1

dito papasok yung dna duplication; dito naddouble amt ng dna; dito napproduce yung mircrotubules which helps the cells organize its contents

synthesis or s phase

produces from the nucleus (where genetic material is located); yung cell natin magssend ng enzyme na rna polimaries which will read a specific section of dna; rna polimaeires will create a copy of instruction called translation; yung copy na yon is rna na mismo; mRNA will leave nucleus to cytoplasm

rna production

in cytoplasm nandito rna; mrna acts as a guide for ribosome; ribosome nagfoform and assemble the proteins as they read instructions from rna; amino acids will string and form a final chain called protein

protein production

continue lang yung growth

gap 2

mitosis

nuclear division or caryokinesis

m phase or mitotic phase parts

1. prophase and prometaphase

2. metaphase

3. anaphase

4. telophase

start of mitosis

prophase

end of mitosis

telophase

happens after nuclear division or caryokinesis or in short, mitosis; organelles ng cell natin (mitochon and plastids) are distributed between daughter cells,

cytokinesis

resting stage; inactive; some cells dont repeat the cycle; cells remain active but undergo cell division; break time; temporary resting phase

gap zero or g0; quisscent

• cell differentiation

• response to signal

• cellular stress

• cell cycle regulation

bakit nageenter yung cells sa g0

instead of doing their normal task, magpperform sila ng specialized task, hindi na sila gumagawa ng ibang tasks papahinga na lang

cell differentiation

cells pay attention to signal esp environmental, ayun yung nagdidictate whether yung cells is magpperform pa or not

response to signal

cells enter g0 phase in response to stress condition; cells need to take a break when conditions seems harsh/challenging; babalik lang sa normal functioning once na better condition

cellular stress

g0 phase makes sure that di irregular production or cell division ng cell

cell cycle regulation

• one cell division

• division of nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei

• also called caryokinesis or nuclear division

• meiosis 1 and 2

• starts and ends w diploid

• occurs in somatic cells known as body cells

mitosis

phases of mitosis

1. prophase

2. prometaphase

3. metaphase

4. anaphase

5. telophase

• beginning of mitosis

• may early, mid, and late prophase is called prometaphase

prophase

chromatin (loose complex dna) fiber starts to condense n once nagcondense it will turn to chromosome; centrosome na organelle and contains centriole, nagdduplicate and each pair of centrosome has pair of centriole has microtubules that is responsible for mitotic spindle

early prophase

microtubules na nasa centriole is nageextend to form mitotic spindle n once na nagextend we have spindle fiber na maattach sa centromere

mid prophase

specific microtubule within the mitotic spindle

spindle fiber

present lang sa animal cell

centriole

san nakaattach yung sister chromatids

centromere

dito nkaattach si spindle fiber

kinetochore

nucleus n nuclear envelope disappears, allows access n interaction of spindle fiber to our chromosome and exerts tension into chromatid and chromosome starts to move at the center

prometaphase

gitna

metaphase plate

chromosomes r now aligned sa equator na metaphase plate, transitioning into another phase called anaphase

metaphase

chromatid if each chromosome is attached to spindle fiber

notes

sis chromatids tightly curled due to centromere; kaya nakadikit sa centromere bc of a special protein called cohesene na nagbbreak down; so kpag nagbreak down na to, maghihiwalay na sis chroatids; kapag nasepearte na chromatids, daighter chromosome na tawag; spindle fiber begins to shorten, they pull sis chromatid away from each other in opposite poles

anaphase

telo means end; cucleur reappears; spindle fiber disappears, chromosomes decondence and returns to being chromatin; nuclear cenvelope develop from cluster of chromsokmes from each of the poles and will form 2 daughter nuclei n undergo cytokinesis

telophase

means end

telo

division of cytoplasm; during this, organelles like mitochondria is present

cytokinesis

need natin ng growth, development and repair

• for sex cells r gametes

• for sexual repro

• divided into 1 and 2

• before the beginning of meiosis, tapos na dna replication

meiosis

pro, meta, ana, telophase all 1

meiosis

divided into several phases (leptotene, zygotene or synapsis, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis)

prophase 1

there is breakdown of nuclear envelope n nagkakaron ng assembly ng spindle fiber n duplicated chromosome condenses

leptotene

• homologous chromosome are curled and lined up by..

• homologous pag nagline up same na sila order

• ag nagkaron ng crossover, nakaline up na chromosome and nagkakaron ng pairing

zygo

switching of segments

crossover

chromosomes whoch contains same genes maternal and paternal

specific code

jin

• centromere attached to spindle fiber

• homologous chromosome randomly move by spindle fiber kaya nasa equator na cla

• once na nasa gitna na, ana na sunod

metaphase 1

sis chromatids spearated from each other; sis chromatids di nahihiwalay sa centromere

anaphase 1

• individual choromonsome na napull sa oppo pole, nagkakaron ng reappearnce ng nuclear enve and spindle fiber disappears

• chromosomes uncoil and decondense

telophase 1

forms 2 cells and combination of 23 from the paret cell

cuytokinesis sa meiosis

• main goal is to divide the sis chromatids which results to sex cells as half kaya magiging haploid

• starts w diploid end w haploid

meiosis 2

• formation of spindle fiber around chromosme

• breakdown of nuclear enve

• chromosomes r pulled at the oppo side of cell by spindle fiber

prometaphase 2

• chromosomes lined up along equator

• each of chromosome has sis chromatid attaxhed to centromere

• pag may line up na, anaphase 2 na

metaphase 2

• centromere divides, which maghihiwalay na sis chromatids and mamomove sa opposite poles

• pag nasa opposite polses na telo na

anaphase 2

• nucleur enve is magfform sa each pole

• breakdown ng spindle fiber/or magdidsapper

• recombination of chromsomes both from mom and dad

telophase 2

starts w diploid and ends w haploid

meiosis

possible here yung trisome 21, and other syndromes kapag may error

importance ng meiosis

downsyndrome

trisome 21