AP World

Confucianism

A philosophy central to Chinese culture, emphasizing a hierarchical society.

Hierarchy

Prescribed orders within society, e.g., citizens submit to the state, juniors to elders.

Filial Piety

Children's obedience and honor towards parents and ancestors.

Neo-Confucianism

Revival and modification of Confucianism, aiming to purge Buddhist influences.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A government entity executing the will of the emperor, arranged hierarchically.

Civil Service Examination

Testing eligible men on Confucian classics for bureaucratic positions.

Women's Roles

Women were relegated to subordinate positions, losing legal rights and facing social restrictions.

Champa Rice

Introduced in Song China, characterized by early maturation and multiple harvests per year.

Grand Canal

Enhanced trade and communication across China, symbolizing prosperity in Song China.

Dar al-Islam

Areas under Islamic rule, characterized by Islamic culture, politics, and belief systems.

Babar

Founder of the Mugal rule in South Asia, led campaigns against the Delhi Sultanate

Ching (Manchu) Empire

Founded in the 17th century by ethnically different Manchu people

Ming Dynasty

Predecessor dynasty in China, ethnically Han

Empires Comparison

Land-based expansion, gunpowder use, ethnic differences

Safavid-Mughal Conflict

Wars over territory with religious Shia-Sunni divide

Administering Empires

Bureaucracy, military professionals, religious ideas for power legitimation

Divine Rights of Kings

Monarchs as God's representatives on earth

Tax Collection Systems

Zamindar System, Tax Farming System, Tribute Lists

Causes of European Expansion

Technological, political, economic factors

Joint-stock company

Limited liability business funded by private investors

Key Players

Portugal, Spain, France, England, Dutch in European exploration

The Columbian Exchange

Transfer of diseases, food plants, animals between hemispheres

Resistance to European Imperialism

Tokugawa Japan, Maroon Societies, Fronde

Labor Systems

Mita System, Chatt Slavery, Indentured servitude, Encomienda system

Belief Systems

Missionaries, Conversion, Syncretism in Christianity

Ethnic and Religious Diversity

Treatment of Jews in Spain, Portugal, Ottoman Empire

Rise of New Political Elites

Casta System, Transition in China, Russia's Peter the Great

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement challenging religion, emphasizing natural rights, social contract

Effects of the Enlightenment

Suffrage expansion, feminist movement, abolition of slavery

Nationalism

Sense of commonality, shared vision, common enemy, used by leaders

Nationalism

Belief in the greatness of a group of people linked by language, religion, or customs, often leading to desires for independence or unity.

Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theory of evolution to human societies, suggesting that certain races or groups are more "fit" than others.

Civilizing Mission

Belief held by imperial nations that it was their duty to develop and educate the people they conquered, often through forced assimilation.

Berlin Conference

Meeting in 1884-1885 where European powers divided up Africa into colonial territories without input from African leaders.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the 19th-century U.S. that it was destined to expand across North America, leading to westward expansion and conflicts with indigenous populations.

Economic Imperialism

Extending control over another state by economic means.

British Imperialism in China

The historical context where the British used opium trade to gain economic advantage in China.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in China controlled by various western powers, Japan, and Russia due to internal rebellions and wars.

Export Economy

An economy centered around the export of commodities, often seen in imperial empires.

Indentured Servitude

Semi-coerced labor where workers signed contracts they often could not read, prevalent in the British Empire.

Total War

Utilizing all resources, including civilians, for the war effort, as seen in WWI.

Propaganda

Biased information to evoke emotional responses, used in WWI to demonize enemies and mobilize populations.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI, held Germany responsible, demanded reparations, and led to territorial losses.

Great Depression

Global economic crisis starting in the US in 1929, impacting economies worldwide.

Fascism

Highly authoritarian, nationalistic government with heavy state intervention in economics, seen in Germany and Italy.

Totalitarian States in World War II

Governments with centralized control over political, economic, social, and cultural aspects, such as Germany under Adolf Hitler and the USSR under Joseph Stalin.

Axis Powers

Coalition of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allied Powers

Coalition including France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States during World War II.

Atomic Bomb

A powerful weapon used by the United States in World War II, leading to the surrender of Japan after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Cold War

A period of political tension and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union without direct military conflict.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance of Soviet Bloc states established in 1955.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliance of Western nations, including the United States and Britain, formed in 1949.

Policy of Containment

U.S. strategy to prevent the spread of communism beyond its existing borders.

Proxy War

Indirect conflict between two opposing powers, such as the Korean War serving as a proxy war for the Cold War.

Globalization

The increasing interconnectedness of the world in economic, political, and social aspects.

Shipping Containers

Standardized metal boxes used for shipping cargo globally without unpacking, facilitating efficient transportation of consumer goods.

Fossil Fuels

Energy sources like petroleum that powered industrial manufacturing, increasing production to meet global consumer demand.

Medical Birth Control

Methods like the birth control pill that provided women in wealthier countries reliable fertility control, leading to declining fertility rates.

Green Revolution

Agricultural transformation in the 1950s and 60s using genetic modification to increase food production, benefiting countries with high populations.

Influenza Pandemic of 1918

Global disease outbreak during WWI, spreading along travel routes and causing significant mortality, particularly affecting working-age individuals.

Desertification

Farmland becoming infertile due to over cultivation, a consequence of commercial farming practices, leading to environmental degradation.

Free Market Economics

Economic policies emphasizing free markets, reduced trade barriers, deregulation, and privatization of industries to boost economic growth.

Multinational Corporations

Businesses incorporated in one country but operating globally, manufacturing and selling goods in multiple countries.

Global Consumer Culture

People defined by their consumption habits, influenced by global brands and products, shaping a worldwide consumer identity.

United Nations

International organization formed after WWII to prevent war, promote cooperation, and address global issues through various bodies like the General Assembly and Security Council.

Environmentalism

Movement responding to negative environmental impacts of globalization, advocating for environmental protection and sustainability.

Greenpeace

Global environmental protection organization using nonviolent tactics to raise awareness and advocate for environmental conservation.

Battle for Seattle

Massive protest in 1999 against the WTO, representing marginalized groups impacted by global economic policies, leading to anti-globalization movements.