Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Lecture Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture on COPD.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A long-term, progressive lung disease marked by chronic inflammation and severe airflow limitation that makes breathing difficult.

Chronic Bronchitis

A major type of COPD involving persistent inflammation of the bronchial tubes and excess mucus production, leading to chronic cough and airflow obstruction.

Emphysema

A form of COPD in which the alveolar walls are damaged and lose elasticity, producing floppy, enlarged air sacs that trap air.

Airway Inflammation

Thickening and swelling of the bronchial walls seen in COPD, narrowing air passages and impeding airflow.

Alveoli

Tiny, elastic air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where oxygen enters the blood; they lose shape and function in emphysema.

Bronchioles

Small airway branches inside the lungs that lead to alveoli; can become clogged with mucus and inflamed in COPD.

Air Trapping

Retention of stale air in damaged, less-elastic air sacs, making it hard to bring fresh air into the lungs.

Cigarette Smoking

The leading cause of COPD due to long-term inhalation of harmful chemicals that damage lung tissue.

Secondhand Smoke

Smoke inhaled from others’ cigarettes or cigars; prolonged exposure is a significant risk factor for COPD.

Air Pollution

Environmental irritants such as dust, industrial fumes, and outdoor pollutants that contribute to COPD development.

Biomass Exposure

Inhalation of smoke from burning wood or other organic fuels, recognized as a contributor to COPD.

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

An uncommon genetic disorder that can predispose individuals to developing COPD.

Influenza and Pneumonia Vaccinations

Immunizations recommended for people with COPD to prevent respiratory infections that can worsen their condition.

Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)

A common COPD symptom that worsens with disease progression, exercise, or routine activities.

Wheezing

A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing caused by narrowed airways, frequently present in COPD patients.

Mucus Hypersecretion

Excessive production of thick mucus that clogs airways and causes chronic cough in COPD.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation

A structured program of exercise, education, and support designed to improve breathing and activity tolerance in COPD.

Disease Progression

The tendency of COPD to worsen over time, leading to increasing symptoms, reduced lung function, and higher disability.

Lifestyle Modification

Actions such as quitting smoking, healthy eating, regular exercise, and maintaining a positive outlook to manage COPD and slow its progression.