Physiology II: Urinary system V - Bladder micturition

…: muscular tubes leading from the renal pelvis to the lower bladder

ureters

Three layers in ureters: …

Mucous coat, muscular coat, outer fibrous coat

Ureters transport urine: … (3)

Peristaltic waves, hydrostatic pressure, gravity

… at the opening of the ureter into bladder

no anatomical valve

When the bladder fills it … an prevents backflow

compresses

…: urine flows backward from the bladder up into the ureters, and sometimes even back into the kidneys

Vesico-ureteric reflux

…: recurrent kidney infection

Recurrent pyelonephritis

…: the openings of the wo ureters and he urethra mark a triangular area on the bladder floor

Trigone

…: a hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity

Urinary bladder

Female urethra … greater risk of urinary tract infections

3-4 cm

Male urethra …

18-21 cm

…: under involuntary control

internal urethral sphincter

…: Under voluntary control

external urethral sphincter

…: means by which urine leaves the bladder

micturition

Micturition reflex the … contracts, and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes, the external urethral sphincter must also relax

detrusor

Micturition reflex: when the bladder contains about … of urine, stretch receptors in the … send impulses to the …, … return to stimulate contraction of the bladder, and relation of the internal urethral sphincter

200 ml, wall, spinal cord, parasympathetic

Emptying the bladder is controlled by a … in the …

Micturition centre, pons

The micturition center in the pons receives signals from …, integrates this information with cortical input concerning the appropriateness of urinating at that moment

stretch receptors

the micturition center then sends back impulses to stimulate the relaxation of the …

external sphincter

Physical characteristics of urine:

Color: …

Scent: …

pH: …

specific gravity: …

Clear yellow, ammonia (on standing), ~6.0, 1.001-1.035

Chemical composition: … (5)

95% H2O, 5% solutes, Na+, K+, Ca++

…: artificially clears waste from the blood, corrects plasma electrolytes and pH, removes excess fluid

Hemodialysis

…: 90% of kidney function is lost

end stage renal failure

…: catheter inserted in a large vein (jugular vein, subclavian vein, femoral vein) or R atrium

Veno-Venous dialysis

Dialysis fluid aims to lower … (4)

urea, creatinine, uric acid, K+

… is immediate life threatening

high K+

Dialysis aims to reduce …

fluid overload

…: the peritoneal membrane is used as a natural dialysis membrane, this method is more convenient, less efficient, and this is a higher risk of infection

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis