Summative for ENG 002

SIMPLE READING

Gives the basic definition of the text.

CRITICAL READING

After recognizing what the text says, it reflects on what the text does by making judgements.

CLAIM OF FACT

It debates whether something is true or false.

CLAIM OF VALUE

It argues whether something is good or bad.

CLAIM OF POLICY

It states solutions and plans to solve certain problem.

FALLACY

Invalid argument, faulty reasoning, and unacceptable.

HYPERTEXT

Characterized by external links embedded in a text by the writer. Enables readers to arrive at the intended interpretation.

INTERTEXT

Texts are parallel in terms of plot, characters, premise, and the like. It recognizes that the text is always influenced by previous texts. It refers to a work whose meaning is shaped by referring to other texts.

CLAIM

It is defined as the author’s approach to the topic to see the main arguments. Also considered as an assumption, the focus of an argument, it is what you are trying to prove and lastly, this is a statement, not a question.

ATTACKING THE PERSON (AD HOMINEM)

It is also known as personal abuse, personal attacks, damning the source or name calling. It occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of the ideas.

APPEAL TO AUTHORITY (AD VERECUNDIAM)

It occurs when someone insists that a claim is true simply because a valid authority or expert on the issue said it was true.

APPEAL TO PITY (AD MISERICORDIAM)

It occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical reasoning.

APPEAL TO FORCE (AD BACULUM)

It occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning, is used to argue.

BANDWAGON

It occurs when an argument is considered valid because it is what the majority thinks.

RED HERRING

It is a deliberate diversion of attention with the intention of trying to abandon the original argument.

APPEAL TO FLATTERY

Is used to win support for an argument. It is often the cause of people getting tricked into doing something they don’t want to do.

APPEAL TO COMMON SENSE

It asserts that something is “common sense” instead of explaining why it is common sense.

HASTY GENERALIZATION

It occurs when a sample is not significant enough to support a generalization about a population.

APPEAL TO IGNORANCE

It occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa.

DOUBLE STANDARD

It is judging two situations by different standard to unfairly support or reject an argument.

APPEAL TO CELEBRITY

It accepts the claim of a celebrity based on is celebrity status, not on the strength of his argument.

ANONYMOUS AUTHORITY

It occurs when the authority in question is not mentioned or named.

HAVING YOUR CAKE

It is making an argument, or responding to one, in such a way that your position is not clear.

SLIPPERY SLOPE

It occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn.

APPEAL TO FALSE AUTHORITY

It occurs when the argument quotes an expect who is not qualified in the particular subject matter.

FALSE DILEMMA

It occurs when an arguer presents his argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities.