A&P 1 Lecture - Ch.1 Human Body Orientation

Anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Gross/macroscopic anatomy

study of large visible structures seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

study of small structures NOT visible with the naked eye

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Physiology

study of the function of body parts

Human structural organization

1. atom

2. molecule

3. cells

4. tissues

5. organ

6. organ system

7. organism

Atom

Smallest particle of an element that makes up matter

Cell

structural and functional unit of life

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform functions

Organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

A living thing

Characteristics of human life

•Organization

•Maintaining Boundaries

•Movement

•Responsiveness

•Digestion

•Metabolism

•Homeostasis

•Excretion

•Reproduction

•Growth & differentiation

Examples of how the body maintains boundaries

•Cell membrane separates the intracellular from the extracellular environment

•The skin provides a protective barrier and the first line of immune defense

Responsiveness

•ability to sense and respond to stimuli

•Stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature, etc.

•Provided by the nervous system

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

building up (synthesis) of larger molecules

Examples of excretion

•removal of wastes from the body

•Urea in urine is a waste product from protein breakdown

•Carbon dioxide is a waste product from normal metabolism

•Feces from undigested food

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the environment

Negative feedback mechanism

•Stops or reverses a change to maintain internal balance

•Most common feedback mechanism in the body

•Promotes stability and homeostasis

•Example systems:

•Body temperature regulation

•Blood glucose control

•Blood pressure regulation

•Hormone levels

Positive feedback mechanism

•Enhances or amplifies a change

•Less common, used for specific processes

•Temporarily moves the body away from homeostasis

•Example processes:

•Childbirth (oxytocin release)

•Blood clotting

Requirements for human life

1. oxygen

2. nutrients

3. water

4. temperature

5. appropriate atmospheric pressure

Normal body temperature

98.6 F (37 C)

11 human organ systems

1. lymphatic

2. skeletal

3. muscular

4. nervous

5. endocrine

6. cardiovascular

7. lymphatic

8. respiratory

9. digestive

10. urinary

11. reproductive

Integumentary system organs

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sensory receptors.

Integumentary system functions

1. protection

2. temperature regulation

3. sensation

4. excretion

5. vitamin D synthesis

6. water resistance

7. immune defense

Skeletal system organs

bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, joints, and bone marrow

Skeletal system - functions

1. support

2. protection

3. movement with muscles

4. mineral storage (calcium & phosphorus)

5. blood cell production

6. lipid storage as yellow marrow

Muscular system organs

skeletal muscles attached to bones responsible for voluntary movement

Muscular system functions

1. locomotion

2. posture and balance

3. heat production

4. joint stabilization

Nervous system organs

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

Nervous system functions

1. sensory input

2. integration

3. motor output

4. homeostasis regulation

5. cognition and memory

6. emotional response

Endocrine organs

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus

Endocrine system function

Produces hormones that regulate nearly all body functions

Cardiovascular system organs

heart and blood vessels which contain blood

Cardiovascular system functions

1. transport oxygen

2. transport waste (carbon dioxide, urea, bilirubin, etc.)

3. nutrient delivery

4. hormone distribution

5. regulate body temp

6. immune response

7. maintain blood pressure

Lymphatic system organs

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow

Lymphatic system functions

1. fluid recovery

2. immune defense

3. absorption of fats

4. immune response

5. waste removal

Respiratory system organs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Respiratory system functions

1. oxygen intake

2. carbon dioxide removal

3. gas exchange

4. regulation of blood pH

5. voice production via larynx

Digestive system organs

- mouth

- esophagus

- stomach

- small intestines

- large intestines

- liver

- pancreas

- gallbladder

Digestive system functions

1. ingestion

2. digestion of food

3. absorption of nutrients

4. transport of nutrients

5. secretion of enzymes, bile, stomach acid

6. excretion of indigestible remains as feces

7. immune defense

Urinary system organs

paired kidneys, paired ureters, bladder, and urethra

Urinary system functions

1. Filtration of blood

2. excretion of wastes

3. regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance

4. acid-base balance

5. blood pressure regulation

6. erythropoiesis synthesis

7. detoxification of certain drugs

Male reproductive system organs

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis

Male reproductive system functions

1. sperm production via testes

2. testosterone production via testes

3. sperm transport

4. ejaculation

Female reproductive system organs

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands.

Female reproductive system functions

1. egg production via ovaries

2. hormone production (estrogen & progesterone) via ovaries

3. fertilization of egg and sperm in fallopian tubes

4. pregnancy support via uterus

5. menstrual cycle

6. breastfeeding

Anatomical position

•The body is standing upright.

•The feet are flat on the ground and pointed forward.

•The arms are at the sides of the body.

•The palms are facing forward, with the thumbs pointing outward (laterally).

•The head is facing forward, with the eyes looking straight ahead.

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail

Rostral

toward the forehead or nose

Anterior/ventral

in front of

Posterior/dorsal

behind

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

toward the sides

Proximal

closer to point of attachment

Distal

further from point of attachment

Superficial

toward body surface

Deep

away from body surface

The head is __________ to the abdomen.

Superior

The navel (belly button) is __________ to the chin.

Inferior

The sternum is __________ to the spine.

Anterior/ventral

The heart is __________to the sternum.

Deep

The heart is __________ to the arms.

Medial

The arms are __________ to the chest.

Lateral

The skin is __________ to the muscles.

Superficial

The lungs are __________ to the ribs.

Deep

The big toe is on the __________ side of the foot.

medial

The shoulder blade is on the __________ aspect of the body.

Posterior/dorsal

The hand is __________ to the elbow.

distal

The shoulders are __________ to the spine.

lateral

The knee is __________ to the ankle.

proximal

The elbow is __________ to the wrist.

Proximal

Frontal

forehead

Orbital

eyes

Nasal

nose

Buccal

cheek

Oral

mouth

Mental

chin

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

chest

Sternal

sternum/breastbone

Axillary

armpit

Mammary

breast

Umbilical

belly button

Inguinal

groin

Acromial

top of shoulder

Brachial

upper arm

Antecubital

anterior aspect of elbow

Carpal

wrist

Manus

hand

Metacarpal

back of hand

Palmar

palm

Pollex

thumb

Digital

fingers/toes