blood

lab practical

composition of blood

• plasma proteins

  • albumin, globulins, fibrnogen

• electrolytes and ions

  • potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, hydrogen, hydroxide, & bicarbonate

• nutrients

  • glucose, cholesterol, amino acids, fatty acids, triglycerides & regulatory proteins

    • vitamins & enzymes

• waste products

  • urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts

• gases

  • O2, CO2, and inert nitrogen

    • cannot react with anything

albumin

provides colloid osmotic pressure in the plasma

• prevents water loss in capillaries

globulins

mainly immunoglobulins

• antibodies that are released during an immune response

fibrinogen

responsible for blood clotting

erythropoietin (EPO)

a glycoprotein hormone secreted by interstitial fibroblast cells of the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels

• formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

blood is a __

suspension; a substance in which formed elements or large particles if acted upon will settle

• i.e. centrifuge

erythrocytes or RBCS do not have __

nuclei

identify a blood smear

from left to right: platelets, neutrophils, lymphocyte, monocyte

hematopoiesis

blood formation

erythropoiesis

RBC formation

the bone marrow of all the bones produces RBCS until age __

5

function of erythrocytes

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

neutrophils

phagocytize pathogens or debris

eosinophil

kill parasitic worms; slightly phagocytic; complex role in allergy and asthma

basophil

release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

lymphocyte

mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibody production

monocyte

develop into macrophages in tissues and phagocytize pathogens or debris

platelets

seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

decomposition of oxygen

• 98.5% attached to hemoglobin

• 1.5% dissolved in plasma

decomposition of carbon dioxide

• 7% dissolved in plasma

• 23% in combination with hemoglobin

• 70% transported as bicarbonate ions

  • combination of H2O & CO2 under pressure makes carbonic acid, which is unstable

    • carbonic anhydrase (an enzyme) increases the rate of the reaction to form bicarbonate ions

      • makes it possible for fluid in plasma to transport large amounts of CO2 in form of bicarbonate ions from tissues to lungs → reconverted to CO2 → expelled as a waste product

hematocrit

ratio of the volume of RBC to the total volume of blood

transfusion

transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

infusion

introduction of fluid other than blood

antibodies (agglutinins)

can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in either agglutination or hemolysis

agglutination

clumping

• caused by antibodies

hemolysis

rupture

• caused by antibodies

type A blood

has type A surface antigens

has anti-B antibodies in plasma

type B blood

has type B surface antigens

has anti-A antibodies in plasma

type AB blood

has both type A and type B surface antigens

has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

type O blood

has neither type A nor type B surface antigens

has both anti-A and anti-B plasma antibodies

Rh factor

• named after Rhesus monkeys

• relates to the presence of a particular protein in the blood

  • people can be Rh+ or Rh-