GOV 11,12 etc

Bicameral Legislature
A: A legislature with two chambers
B: A legislature with one chamber
C: A judicially appointed legislature
D: A two chamber legislature

A legislature with two chambers

House of Representatives
A: Chamber elected by governors
B: Chamber with equal representation
C: Chamber selected by state legislatures
D: Chamber with 435 seats based on population

Membership capped at 435, based on population

Senate
A: Chamber based on population
B: Chamber with 435 members
C: Chamber selected by governors
D: Chamber with two senators per state

100 members, two from each state

Enumerated Powers
A: Powers implied by tradition
B: Powers granted to states
C: Powers created by agencies
D: Powers written directly into the Constitution

Specifically listed powers

Implied Powers
A: Powers granted directly in Article I
B: Powers given only to the president
C: Powers held only by states
D: Powers inferred by the Necessary and Proper Clause

Powers inferred as necessary

Inherent Powers
A: Powers listed in amendments
B: Powers given by treaties
C: Powers granted by states
D: Powers assumed because the nation exists

Assumed to exist because the country exists

Incumbency Advantage
A: Challengers easily win
B: Funding is equal for all
C: Incumbents rarely win
D: Incumbents have easier fundraising and reelection

Incumbents have the easiest time funding campaigns and winning

Delegate Model
A: Representative follows personal judgment
B: Representative always follows the party
C: Representative votes like the Senate
D: Representative follows constituent wishes

Acts on constituents' expressed wishes

Trustee Model
A: Representative always obeys polls
B: Representative follows only interest groups
C: Representative votes strictly with the party
D: Representative uses personal judgment

Acts on what they believe is best

Pork Barrel Politics
A: Cutting taxes nationwide
B: Reducing district spending
C: Increasing national defense only
D: Bringing federal money to a district

Bringing budget allocations to a home district

Descriptive Representation
A: Congress represents only states
B: Congress matches party systems
C: Congress follows economic trends
D: Congress mirrors national demographics

Congress reflects demographics

Collective Representation
A: Representation by state only
B: Representation by individual districts
C: Representation by party leaders
D: How Congress as a whole represents society

Representation by Congress as a whole

Speaker of the House
A: Leader of the Supreme Court
B: Leader of the Senate
C: Leader of state legislatures
D: Leader of the House majority

Leader of the House

Majority Leader
A: House minority leader
B: President’s chief of staff
C: Supreme Court advisor
D: Leader of the Senate majority

Leader of the Senate

Legislative Process
A: Bills go directly to the president
B: Courts approve bills
C: Governors approve bills
D: Committees → chambers → joint committee → president

Standard bill process

Presidential Term
A: One twelve year term
B: Unlimited terms
C: Three four year terms
D: Two four year terms

Maximum two four year terms

Expansion of Power
A: Power is shrinking
B: Congress holds all power
C: Only states gain power
D: Presidential power has expanded

Power has grown over time

Executive Privilege
A: Right to declare war
B: Power to amend the Constitution
C: Power to impeach
D: Right to withhold information

Right to withhold information

Executive Orders
A: Constitutional amendments
B: Court decisions
C: Laws passed by states
D: Directives with force of law

Directives with the force of law

Public Presidency
A: Avoiding media
B: Speaking only to Congress
C: Limiting speeches
D: Using the bully pulpit

Ability to speak to the nation

Direct Presidential Action
A: Passing laws alone
B: Controlling states
C: Overruling the Supreme Court
D: Pardons and executive orders

Direct actions like pardons and orders

Executive Agreement
A: Requires Senate approval
B: Is a state treaty
C: Is a Supreme Court ruling
D: International agreement without Senate approval

Executive agreement

Merit System Drawbacks
A: Bureaucrats are chosen randomly
B: Bureaucrats are hired by voters
C: Bureaucrats lack specialization
D: Bureaucrats may be less responsive

Less responsive to elected officials

Bureaucratic Models
A: Congress controls all behavior
B: Courts create the models
C: Bureaucracies are elected
D: Weber’s ideal bureaucracy contrasted with self serving models

Weber and others’ models

Types of Bureaucracies
A: Only cabinet departments
B: Agencies are private companies
C: Only military agencies
D: Cabinet, regulatory, executive, and government corporations

Four major types

Controlling the Bureaucracy
A: Citizens elect bureaucrats
B: States appoint federal workers
C: Courts hire all workers
D: Oversight via hearings, appointments, budgets

Congress and president oversee

Citizen Oversight
A: Citizens appoint bureaucrats
B: Citizens create agencies
C: Citizens run federal budgets
D: FOIA and voting

FOIA requests and elections

Internal Oversight
A: Congress directly manages agencies
B: Governors fire federal employees
C: Courts replace agency heads
D: Whistleblowers report abuses

Whistleblowers call out issues

Negotiated Rulemaking
A: Congress alone writes rules
B: President writes all rules
C: Agencies cannot negotiate
D: Rules created through consensus

Consensus based rulemaking

Public Policy
A: Actions by private firms
B: Court rulings only
C: Local policing only
D: Government actions addressing public issues

Government actions for public concerns

Evaluating Policy
A: Judged only by cost
B: Judged only by popularity
C: Judged only by Congress
D: Judged by outcomes and unintended effects

Judged by outcomes and consequences

Private Goods
A: Goods owned by government
B: Goods free to all
C: Goods requiring membership
D: Excludable, privately owned goods

Private goods

Public Goods
A: Goods sold by companies
B: Goods owned privately
C: Goods requiring payment
D: Non excludable goods like air and water

Public goods

Distributive Policy
A: Benefits many, costs many
B: Benefits few, costs few
C: Costs none, benefits none
D: Costs many, benefits few

Collects costs from many, benefits few

Regulatory Policy
A: Costs society, benefits one group
B: Benefits only businesses
C: Benefits only consumers
D: Costs one group, benefits society

Regulatory policy

Redistributive Policy
A: Transfers to businesses
B: Transfers to government
C: Transfers nothing
D: Transfers wealth from some to others

redistributing resources

Domestic Policy Arenas
A: Only national defense
B: Only tax policy
C: Only transportation
D: Social welfare, science, business regulation

Three major arenas

Policymakers
A: Only elected officials
B: Only judges
C: Only bureaucrats
D: Policy advocates and analysts

Advocates and analysts

Policy Process Cycle
A: Evaluation → agenda → Congress
B: President → courts → voters
C: Election → budget → veto
D: Problem → agenda → implementation → evaluation

Full cycle

Economic Policy
A: Only tax cuts
B: Only monetary policy
C: Only deregulation
D: Laissez faire vs Keynesian

Laissez faire vs Keynesian economics

Fiscal Policy
A: Controlling interest rates
B: Printing money
C: Setting tariffs
D: Government spending and taxation

Fiscal policy

Monetary Policy
A: Increasing taxes
B: Funding public goods
C: Setting military budget
D: Controlling money supply and rates

Monetary policy

Foreign Policy Areas
A: Only military
B: Only diplomacy
C: Only trade
D: Trade, diplomacy, defense, intelligence, aid

Key foreign policy areas

Four Main Objectives of Foreign Policy
A: Only military defense
B: Only trade
C: Only humanitarian aid
D: Protection, markets, balance of power, rights

Four key objectives

Challenges in Foreign Policy
A: All nations agree
B: Only economic issues
C: No major conflicts
D: No world authority, global issues, differing systems

Major foreign policy challenges

Policy Instruments
A: Only treaties
B: Only foreign aid
C: Only drone strikes
D: Sharply vs broadly focused outputs

Two major output types

Institutional Relations
A: Congress controls all foreign policy
B: Courts run defense
C: States negotiate treaties
D: President leads but shares power

Two presidencies dynamic

Approaches to Foreign Policy
A: Only military
B: Only diplomacy
C: Only economic policy
D: Isolationism and internationalism

Isolationism and internationalism

Neoconservatism
A: U.S. avoids all foreign engagement
B: U.S. uses only soft power
C: U.S. follows international groups
D: U.S. acts as a dominant power except for trade and economic policy involvement

U.S. acts as a dominant power except for trade and economic policy involvement