OB Exam 2 Guzman

From tutor quizlet

Leadership

Process whereby an individual influences others toachieve a common goal.

Transformational Leadership

Leaders transform employees to pursue organizational goals through a variety of leader behaviors

Approaches to leadership

-Trait approaches

-Behavioral approaches

-Contingency approaches

-Transformational approaches

-Emerging approaches

Trait theory of leadership

Focuses on identifying the personal traits that differentiate leaders from followers

Behavioral theory of leadership

Focuses on uncovering the different kinds of leader behaviors that result in higher work group performance

Stogdill and Mann's 5 traits

intelligence, dominance, self-confidence, level of energy, and task-relevant knowledge

Kouzes and Posner's 4 traits

Honesty, forward-looking, inspiring, and competence

Goleman Emotional intelligence

The ability to manage oneself and ones relationships in mature and constructive ways

Implicit leadership theory

Idea that people have beliefs about how leaders should behave and what they should do for their followers.

Situational theories

Propose that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation

According to Fielder, there are 3 factors that affect the situation that a leader faces:

1. Leader-member relations

2. Task structure

3. Position Power

Fielder's Contingency Model

Based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which their style fits or matches the characteristics of the situation at hand.

Two types of managers under Fielder's Contingency Model

Task-oriented style

Relationship-oriented style

House's Path-Goal revised Theory

employee characteristics and environmental factors are contingency factors that influence the effectiveness of leadership behaviors

Leader behaviors are expected to be acceptable when employees view them as:

A source of satisfaction

Leader behavior is predicted to be motivational to the extent it:

1. reduces roadblocks that interfere with goal accomplishment

2. provides the guidance and support needed by employees

3. Ties meaningful rewards to goal accomplishment

Path-Goal theory has 2 groups of contingency variables:

- Employee characteristics

- Environmental factors

Employees with a(n) _________ locus of control are more likely to prefer participative or achievement-oriented leadership in contrast

Internal

Employees with a(n) ______ locus of control tend to view the environment as uncontrollable & prefer the structure provided by supportive or directive leadership

External

Bass and Aviolo's 4 Transformational Leadership Behaviors

- Inspirational motivation

- Idealized influence

- Individualized consideration

- Intellectual stimulation

Full-range theory of leadership

leadership varies along a continuum from laissez-faire leadership to transactional leadership to transformational leadership

Transactional Leadership

Focuses on clarifying employees' roles and providing rewards contingent on performance

Transformational leadership

Transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests

Transformational leaders

- Can produce significant organizational change

- Foster higher levels of intrinsic motivation, trust, commitment, and loyalty from followers

Transformational leaders transform followers by creating changes in their:

goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspirations

Transformational leaders engage in:

inspirational motivation, establishing an attractive vision of the future, use of emotional arguments, exhibition of optimism and enthusiasm

Idealized Influence

Second set of leader behaviors. Includes behaviors like:

- Sacrificing for the good of the group

- Being a role model

- Displaying high ethical standards

Leader-Member exchange (LMX) model

-leaders develop 1-to-1 relationship with each of the people reporting to them

-relationships between leaders and followers is critical

Greenleaf's servant leadership

providing service to others, not oneself

in-group exchange

a partnership characterized by mutual trust, respect, and liking

Out-group exchange

a partnership characterized by lack of mutual trust, lack of respect, lack of liking

Motivation represents:

those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal directed

Maslow's hierarchy of needs applied to employee engagement

1. Self Actualization: Highly engaged

2. Importance: Engaged

3. Belonging: Almost engaged

4. Security: Not engaged

5. Survival: Disengaged

Most content theories of motivation revolve around the notion that an employee's _________ influence(s) motivation

Needs

Needs definition

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior

Physiological needs

Most basic needs (food, air, water). Bottom of pyramid

Safety needs

Need to be safe from physical and psychological harm. 2nd on pyramid

Affiliation (love) needs

desire to love and be loved. 3rd on pyramid

Esteem needs

Need for reputation, prestige, and recognition from others. Need for self confidence & strength. 4th on pyramid

Self-actualization needs

Desire for self-fulfillment, to become to best one is capable of becoming. top of pyramid, 5th

Alderfer's ERG theory

Three basic needs influence behavior: existence, relationship, and growth

McClelland's Need theory

Need for affiliation (social relationships), need for power (desire to influence/coach/teach), need for achievement (desire to accomplish something difficult)

Herzberg Motivator-Hygiene theory

unhappy employees are concerned about working conditions.

- Company policy

- Salary

- Interpersonal relations

- Working conditions

Personality dimensions

1. Extraversion

2. Agreeableness

3. Conscientiousness

4. Emotional stability

5. Openness to experience

Psychological capital

Having success by developing one's self-efficacy, optimism, and hope

Mental abilities examples

- Verbal comprehension

- Word fluency

- Numerical

- Spatial

- Memory

- Perceptual speed

- Inductive reasoning

Conflict definition

A process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

Conflict as war

"we shot down that idea"

Conflict as opportunity

"what are all the possibilities for solving this disagreement?"