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genome
the entire DNA of an organism
DNA description (4)
macromolecule, made of nucleotides, double helix, 2 strands
structure of DNA (3)
phosphate - pentose sugar - base
gene
section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein
where are genes found
on the chromosome in the nucleus
alleles
different version of the same gene
mutation
change in the order of bases leading to a different codon
how can a mutation affect the phenotype
different codon leads to coding for another protein or could change the active site of the enzyme so no longer fits properly (not functional)
chromosome
DNA wrapped around a protein - carries genetic information
homologous pair
pair of chromosomes that carry genes controlling the same features
diploid
cells making up body - 46 chromosomes
haploid
found in gametes - contain one chromosome from each homologous pair - 23 chromosomes
inheritance
transmission of genetic information
genotype
collection of genes an organism has
phenotype
observable characteristics from genotype
homozygous
alleles are identical - AA or aa
heterozygous
alleles are different - Aa
mitosis
cell division that produces diploid body cells for growth and repair of tissues, identical sets of chromosomes
meiosis
cell division that produces haploid cells - gametes
most phenotypic features are the result of…
multiple different genes interacting rather than a single gene inheritance
who is responsible for the sex of the baby
father is - as it depends on whether the sperm which fuses with the egg has an x or y chromosome
random fertilisation increases
genetic variation
mutations occur more frequently due to … (2)
ionising radiation, chemical mutagens
natural selection 6 marker answer
there is variation within a population due to a random mutation
conditions of the environment may suit this allele or a selective pressure will arise
if the new allele helps
then individual will live to reproduce and pass the allele
over time frequency of allele increases as it is passed down generations
Bacteria sometimes develop random mutations in their DNA which can result …
in the bacteria being less affected by the antibiotic and as bacteria multiplies quickly number of ones resistant increases - this is called antibiotic resistance strain
Antibiotic resistance strain cycle can be repeated until …
bacteria is resistant to loads of antibiotics - these are called superbugs
example of a superbug
MRSA