Test 1 Italian Culture

When and where did the early renaissance begin?

Early 15th century in Florence

Who were the leading artists of this early renaissance?

Donatello, Masaccio, Sandro Botticelli

Who was donatello and what was he famous for?

He’s a famous sculptor that modeled natural looking statues. His famous works are the bronze of the biblical hero David and the largest bronze statue of a rider on a horse called Gattamelata

where is the Gattamelata located?

City of Padua in the Veneto region

Who is Masaccio and what was he famous for?

He was the most notable painter. Famous for his frescoes with its remarkable use of perspective and idealization of the human form

What was Botticelli famous for?

Famous for his paintings The birth of Venus and Primavera, located in Uffizi Gallery in Florence

What is the high renaissance

Italy’s most creative artistic period

When did high renaissance begin?

early 16th century

Who were the famous artists in the high renaissance?

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raffaello Sanzio aka Raphael

Who is Leonardo da Vinci? What are his famous works?

He’s one of the world’s greatest artists, scientist, and engineer. Famous works are the Last Supper and Mona Lisa. Spent most of his life working in Milan.

Who is Michelangelo and what is he famous for?

He was a sculptor, painter, and architect. Most famous sculptures are David, Moses, and Pieta. Spent years painting scenes from the Bible on the ceiling and altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He designed the dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Worked for the Medici Family in Florence and for the Pope in Rome.

Describe Michelangelo’s David

4 m. tall, made out of white Carrara marble, located at the Galleria dell’Accademia and Florence

Who is Raphael and what were his famous works?

3rd great artist of the high renaissance. worked in Rome for the Pope at the same time as Michelangelo. Most famous works are his paintings in the “Vatican rooms”, most famous is the School of Athens

What happened to Italy post-unification period

Kingdom of Italy was a poor and unstable country

What did the Italians do between 1861 and 1920

Emigrated hoping to find a better life elsewhere

Who did Italians turn to after WWI and who was he

Benito Mussolini, charismatic political leader hoping to revitalize the economy

Who founded the fascist party in 1921 and was appointed Prime Minister in 1922

Benito Mussolini

What was Mussolini also known as

il Duce (the leader)

Which country did Italy joined forces with in WWII

Germany

What happened to Mussolini in April 1945

Captured and executed near Lake Como, body was taken to Milan where it was hung upside down

How was the Italian peninsula divided into several state

Divided into independent states or under the direct control of foreign powers such as (Lombardy, Tuscany, Naples, Sicily)

Why were Napoleon’s conquests important?

Organized local admin. according to French standards, made it possible for Italians to communicate with each other more easily and encouraged free trade, promoted the ideas and values of the French revolution

Who formed several bigger states in northern, central and southern Italy?

Napoleon Bonaparte

Did the ideas and values of the French Revolution that Napoleon had brought disappear after his fall?

No it didn’t, it was preserved by secret organizations

Who were the 3 major players in the unification movement

Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo Di Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was the ideologist of the unification movement and founded a secret organization called “Giovine Italia” (young italy)

Giuseppe Mazzini

Who was a diplomat in the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia and became the first Prime Minister of unified Italy in 1861

Count Camillo di Cavour

Who was the army general who planned a secret attack on the Bourbon Kingdom and led 1,000 soldiers all dressed in red shirts to Sicily?

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Who was proclaimed King of Italy on March 17,1861

King of Piedmont and Sardinia, Vittorio Emanuele II

When was the Unification of Italy completed?

Unification was not complete until 1870, when Rome became the capital

First capital of unified Italy

Turin

What are the 3 colors in Italy’s flag and what do you call it?

green, white, red, called tricolore

When did Italy’s flag became official?

1861

Who was the leading architect of the 15th century aka early renaissance

Filippo Brunelleschi

Who made the dome of the church Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence?

Filippo Brunelleschi

Who were the leading architects in the 16th century?

Michelangelo and Andrea Palladio

What did Michelangelo do at the end of his life?

He was chief architect on St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

Who is the most prominent architect of the Italian High Renaissance?

Andrea Palladio

What did Andrea Palladio do?

Spent most of his life working in Vicenza. Famous for his architecture Teatro Olimpico, the first covered theatre in Europe

How was the Renaissance initiated?

Florence’s wealthy professionals and businessmen discovered the intellectual and artistic heritage of the ancient Greeks and Romans

Renaissance or rebirth refer to?

rebirth of the ancient ideas and values, artistic and architectural styles

What is the Ideal Renaissance man

strong willed, public spirited, versatile

Who were well-know patrons of the arts?

Medici Family

Why are the patrons of the arts important

They are important for the development of Renaissance Arts and Architecture

Who is the banker of the Medici

Cosimo de’ Medici aka “Il Vecchio” (the elder)

Who is Cosimo’s grandson?

Lorenzo de’ Medici aka “Il Magnifico” (the magnificent)

What is Lorenzo’s legacy?

Strived to maintain peace in Florence, arts and architecture flourished

Who is Girolamo Savonarola?

Dominican Friar, preached against the Pope and banker’s wealth, was given political power after Lorenzo’s death, was hanged and burned in 1498

Who reached the New World and when was it?

Christopher Columbus, 1492

Who is Amerigo Vespucci?

explored the coasts of South America, gave his own name to the new continents

Who explored the coast of present-day Canada

Giovanni Caboto aka John Cabot

Who is the Florentine political philosopher and diplomat? what was his famous work?

Niccolo Machiavelli, famous work is The Prince

Who was an Italian physicist, astronomer, and mathematician?

Galileo Galilei

What is Galileo Galilei known for and what did he do?

Considered the father of modern science, made significant improvements to the telescope, supported heliocentrism

Who is Giordano Bruno

Italian mathematician and astronomer, supported heliocentrism, burned at the stake and was found guilty of heresy

What are the 7 important Roman Legacies

Christianity, latin language, roman law, roman gov’t, architecture & engineering, city planning, art

During the republic, Rome was governed by the ___? What did the Roman citizens do each year?

Senate, voted to elect senators

Who was one of the most famous lawyers in Rome?

Cicero

Many of the ___ ___ used around the world today are based on ancient ___ ___

legal systems, roman law

What was Rome’s official language?

Latin

The english alphabet is based on what

Latin alphabet

Modern ___ languages are derived from Latin

romance

Latin was kept alive by the ___ ___ ___ as its official language

roman catholic church

Latin is still used in ___

science

Who was the first christian emperor?

Constantine the Great

When did Constantine recognize the Christian religion?

313 AD

When was Constantine baptized?

337 AD

What is the official religion of the Roman Empire

Christianity

Who were the first to use large arches

Roman builders

Romans were also great ___ builders

road

Most famous roman road

Via Appia (Appian way)

What were the aqueducts?

built to bring water into the cities

Roman cities had ___ streets that intersected at ___ angles

straight, right

What do you call the large open space at the center of a Roman twon

The forum, usead a s a meeting place and marketplace

What kind of art inspired artists for centuries

roman art

Italian artists became fascinated by the art and the way of life of which two groups?

Greeks and Romans

What is the meaning of the Renaissance

rebirth

Give some examples of roman art

equestrian statue of marcus aurelius and column of marcus aurelius

The Romans were skillful ___ and ___, and made a lot of achievements

architects and engineers

With the use of extensive concrete, what were the Romans able to build very skillfully?

Arch buildings such as Amphitheatres, domes, and bridges

What is the most famous amphitheater in Rome?

the Colosseum

What is the finest dome in Rome?

The Pantheon

Well-known bridge in Rome

Hadrian’s Bridge

Well-known arch in Rome

Arch of Constantine

What is the Colosseum used for now?

Various cultural events and performances

The Pantheon was also known as

temple of all the gods

When did the Pantheon become a church?

Middle Ages

Who was the arch of constantine dedicated to?

Constantine the first Christian Emperor, was built in 315 AD

Who were the most important peoples of the Italian Peninsula?

Etruscans, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans

When was the Italian Peninsula inhabited?

atleast 2000 B.C.

Which group dominated central Italy?

the Etruscans

Which people strongly influenced the early Romans?

the Etruscans

What region was made up of a dozen-city states? aka Tuscany today

Etruria

Where did the Phoenicians come from? and what did they do in Italy?

Came from the eastern Mediterranean, they set up trading posts in Italy

Which group of people founded Carthage in North Africa?

The Phoenicians

Who founded the colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy?

The Greeks

What were the Greek’s colonies called?

Magna Graecia (Greater Greece)

Where did the Roman tribes live?

group of villages built on the seven hills beside the river Tiber

The villages eventually became the city of ___

Rome

According to legend, Rome was founded by who?

Remus and Romulus in about 753 B.C.