Unit 6 - Harmonic Motion and Sound
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50 Terms
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Linear motion
Motion that goes from here to there.
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Periodic motion
Any repeated motion.
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Harmonic motion
Any motion that repeats AND is caused by a restoring force, like gravity.
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A car moving down the street.
Running down the street Those are examples of what motion?
Linear motion
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Jumping jacks
Legs of a person running
Oscillating fan Those are examples of what motion?
Periodic motion
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A playground swing
Ocean waves
Clock pendulum
Moon around the Earth Those are examples of what motion?
Harmonic motion
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Oscillator
A device or object that has motion that repeats.
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Restoring force
A force that acts to return the system to rest.
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Examples of restoring forces:
Gravity
Spring force
Centripetal force (circular force)
Tension
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Cycle
1 complete back and forth motion.
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Period
The time it takes for 1 cycle measured in seconds.
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Amplitude
The maximum amount a pendulum swings away from its resting positions.
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Frequency
The number of cycles per second.
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What is the difference between harmonic motion and periodic motion?
Harmonic motion has a restoring force that causes the repeating motion.
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What causes the restoring force to over shoot the resting point on a pendulum?
Inertia
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Wave
Energy moving through a medium from one location to another.
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Medium
What a wave travels through.
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Transverse Wave
The motion of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
- Each point of the spring moves up and down as the wave travels from left to right.
- Each point of the spring moves up and down as the wave travels from left to right.
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Crest
High point on a wave.
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Trough
Low point on a wave.
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Amplitude
How high a wave moves its medium from its resting position.
- Half the distance from the crest to the trough.
- Half the distance from the crest to the trough.
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Wavelength
The distance between 2 crests or 2 troughs.
- The wavelength of a longitudinal wave is equal to the distance between two compressions (or rarefactions) that are next to each other.
- The wavelength of a longitudinal wave is equal to the distance between two compressions (or rarefactions) that are next to each other.
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Longitudinal Wave
The motion of the medium is parallel to the direction of the wave.
- Each point of the spring moves back and forth as the wave travels from left to right.
- Each point of the spring moves back and forth as the wave travels from left to right.
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Compression
Where the coils of the spring are close together.
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Rarefaction
Where the coils are spread apart.
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Superposition
When waves meet
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Constructive interference
When waves are in phase and their amplitudes ADD to each other.
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Destructive interference
When waves are out of phase and their amplitudes SUBTRACT from one another.
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Circular wave
Moving waves that have crests that form circles around a single point where the wave began.
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Plane wave
Moving waves that have crests in parallel straight lines.
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Reflection
When the wave bounces and goes in a new direction.
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Diffraction
The wave bends around an object or through holes in the object.
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Refraction
The wave bends as it passes into and through an object.
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Absorption
The wave is absorbed and disappears.
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Phase
The position of a wave at a given time.
In phase = waves doing the same thing
Out phase = waves not moving the same.
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Sound
Is a longitudinal wave.
Amplitude is loudness.
Frequency is pitch.
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Interference that increases amplitude
Constructive
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The bouncing back of a wave when it meets a surface or boundary
Reflection
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Interference that decreases amplitude
Destructive
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The change in direction of a wave when it encounters an obstacle or edge
Diffraction
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The bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another at an angle
Refraction
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Standing Wave
Waves that are in a confined space.
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Node
That part of a standing wave that does not move.
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Antinode
Where the string moves with the greatest amplitude.
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Beats
When sound waves interfere.
- In sound, a pattern of constructive and destructive interference that results in alternating in loud and soft sounds.
- In sound, a pattern of constructive and destructive interference that results in alternating in loud and soft sounds.
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Natural Frequency
The frequency that something naturally vibrates.
- When a periodically applied force matches the natural frequency, resonance happens.
- When a periodically applied force matches the natural frequency, resonance happens.
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Resonance
An increase in amplitude caused by that period force.
- Can cause other things to vibrate.
- Can cause other things to vibrate.
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Periodic Force
One that applies force to an oscillator periodically.
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Harmonic
Waves that are the whole number multiples of the fundamental.
- they sound louder, keep their energy longer, and take less energy to produce.
- they sound louder, keep their energy longer, and take less energy to produce.
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What makes beats get faster?
When the frequencies are farther apart.