Korean war and Civil Rights Act Test Review (APUSH)

Syngmen Rhee

• Was backed up by the U.S and leader of the South Korea dictatorship

Kim II Sung

Communist leader of North Korea and was backed up by the Soviets

Dean Acheson

• Secretary of state and described the U.S defensive perimeter in Asia in a way that did not include Korea or Taiwan

• Appealed to the U.S security council and got a discrete vote in favor of UN action to stop the North Koreans

Douglas MacArthur

was ordered by Truman to take command in Korea

Inchon

U.S and UN forces made a surprise landing here and caused communist forces to be cut off from their supplies and were captured or forced to retreat

Yalu River

• Where MacArthur’s forces began to move

• Chinese would then attack MacArthur’s forces

Hydrogen Bomb

• Was created months after the bomb created after the Soviet Union

“Atoms for Peace”

• Plan created by Eisenhower which was meant for the U.S, Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom to turn over some of their nuclear material to an international agency for peaceful use

• Didn’t really workout due to the distrust between nations

John Foster Dulles

• Eisenhower’s secretary of state and tried to help craft a foreign policy that kept the financial costs of the Cold War to a minimum, protected U.S influences in key corners of the globe and avoided war

Massive Retaliation

• The first policy of Dulles and Eisenhower’s plan

• The U.S would try to protect the non communist world with programs like the Marshall Plan and the Berlin airlift but also promise that if the Soviets tried to expand their influence and were to invade European or other countries allied with the West then the U.S would retaliate instantly by their choosing

Brinkmanship

• What some called the massive retaliation policy since the U.S was ready to go to the brink of destruction if the Soviets moved outside their sphere of influence

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

• The second element in Eisenhower’s foreign policy depended on secret activities organized by CIA

• Was created to spy and conduct covert operations in foreign countries that he U.S feared might be communist

Muhammad Mussadegh

• CIA organized a coup against this prime minister of Iran who had nationalized oil interests belonging to British companies and who some feared might have communist sympathies 

• Was overthrown and replaced with Muhammed Reza Shah Pahlavi who ruled the country for 20 years before being displaced by anti-U.S Islamic revolution

Muhammed Reza Shah Pahlavi

• replaced Muhammad Mussadegh and ruled the country for 20 years before being displaced by anti-U.S Islamic revolution

Jacob Arbenz Guzman

• Was the democratically elected government of in Guatemala which the CIA overthrew

• Was promoting land reform by expropriating land owned by the U.S based United Fruit Company 

• U.S involvement built up anti-U.S in the Middle East and Latin America

Ho Chi Minh

• Proclaimed Vietnamese Independence

• French were determined to retake Vietnam and Minh’s forces attacked the French

  • French Lost

Dien Bien Phu

Where the French were isolated and faced defeat of taking over Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

Led South Vietnam with Bao Dai temporarily when it was divided

Nikita Khrushchev

• New soviet leader and met with Eisenhower and leaders of Britain and France 

• The meeting was to reduce international tensions and produced a treaty recognizing the independence of Austria

Gamel Abdel Nasser

• Arab Nationalist ruler of Egypt sought funding from both the U.s and Soviet Union to build the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River to irrigate new areas of Egypt, provide electricity and promote industrialization 

• This angered both Nations and Dulles canceled the U.S loan

Suez Crisis

• Suez Canal is the essential waterway between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that was owned by a British and French canal company and crucial to the flow of oil to Europe

• Nasser responded to the decline of the loan by taking over this canal and wanted the revenue from the canal to build the Aswan High Dam but this angered the British and French 

• Israel attacked Egypt with French and British support and continued to bomb Egypt even after the UN demanded an Israeli withdrawal and Nassar sank ships and blocked the canal  

Anthony Eden

Resigned as Prime Minister from Britain and the Canal was reopened under Egyptian management

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

• Hungrains wanted more independence but Khrushchev sent 200,000 troops and 4,000 tanks to stop the uprising and 40,000 Hungrains were killed and the U.S didn’t get involved to make the Soviets look worse

Sputnik

• A space satellite launched by the Soviet Union

• weight 185 pounds and was the first orbiting satellite ever launched into space

NASA

• National Aeronautics and Space Agency was launched after Sputnik and launched the first U.S satellite and closed the gap with the Soviet Union 

NDEA

• National Defense Education Act was proposed by Eisenhower and was passed by Congress to help Americans education

“Spirit of Geneva”

• This and the commitment to coexistence was something that Eisenhower wanted to build

U-2

• A reconnaissance plane that had been providing information about Soviet military capability that Eisenhower kept secret was shot down by a Soviet rocket and it flew 1300 miles into Russia 

• Soviets also captured the pilot and the U-2 incident caused Krushchev for Eisenhower to condemn the U-2 flights and punish those responsible but he denied 

• This left rise of tensions again  

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court decides to get rid of racial segregation of public schools

Earl Warren

• Was chief justice a part of the Brown v. Board Education and said ‘We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate education facilities are inherently unequal

Thurgood Marshall

• Was a former student of Charles Hamilton Houston and helped take charge of the NAACP legal effort 

• Became the NAACP chief counsel after Houston retired and was appointed as a federal judge in 1961 serving on the U.S Court of Appeals (served as the first appointed African-American on the U.S. Supreme Court)

Houston-Marshall Strategy

• goal was to take away segregation in schools or anywhere

Sweat v. painter

• ruled separate law schools for blacks and whites were not equal

Orval Faubus

• Arkansas state’s segregationist governor ordered the Arkansas National Guard to stop nine African-American students from enrolling the Central High School- a previously all-white school

• Nine brave students (Little Rock Nine) were to test the integration of Central High School 

Little Rock Nine

• Nine brave students were to test the integration of Central High School

Rosa Parks

• Did not give up her seat in the bus which caused her to get arrested

• Action led to the Bus Boycott and fought to keep segregation out of anywhere

Fred Gray

• African American Lawyer who was Rosa Parks's attorney to help get rid of segregation on the bus 

• Nixon (leader of Montgomery Civil Rights Community) notified local ministers, Martin Luther King Jr. being the third one, and Jo Ann Gibson Robison

Martin Luther King Jr.

• Was a local minister and was called by Nixon

• Was elected president of MIA(Montgomery Improvement Association)

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson

• A professor at Montgomery’s all-black Alabama State College and leader in the Black Women’s Political Caucus (WPS) in Montgomery 

• Also called by Nixon 

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Montgomery black people boycotted the bus 

• Ralph Abernathy proposed that the boycott continue until there was no more segregation 

• Would last a whole year 

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

• MIA and MLK was the president and called on the Montogmery African-American community to protest 

Roy Wilkins

• Long time national leader of the NAACP invited King to address the NAACP convention in San Francisco but also expressed doubts about the boycott 

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• Created by King, Abernathy, and 60 other black ministers

• Institutionalized the energy and the planning that had started in Montgomery and created a permanent national organization and long-term platform for King

Greensboro Sit-in

• Four African American freshmen at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College sat down at the whites-only lunch counter and ordered service but didn’t get any which caused more and more students to join the sit in 

Boynton v. Virginia

• ruled any segregation in interstate transportation was unconstitutional

James Farmer

• Farmer and CORE Decided to test the decision with “freedom rides” to hasten the integration of interstate bus service and terminals through the South 

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• interracial American organization established my James farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and discriminatory policies through direct action projects

“Freedom riders”

• civil activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated south to change local laws or customs of segregation

John Lewis

• was beaten in Rock Hill Carolina trying to enter a white restroom

Robert Kennedy

• The Attorney General convinced the Interstate Commerce Commission to order that any bus or train that crossed a state line could not use any segregated facilities

James Mereith

• Became the first black to enroll at the University of Mississippi backed by a federal court order

• Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett promised ‘No school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your governor 

University of Mississippi

Barnett betrayed his promise and ordered 3,000 whites who threw rocks and eventually shot at the school until Kennedy sent federal marshals and then federal troops to restore order in the university

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

• written by King in Jail and was one of the most famous publications

Medgar Evers

NAACP field secretary in Jackson Mississippi was murdered on his front porch the same June as the Birmingham crisis

Civil rights bill

• No discrimination against sex race gener identiy relgiiion nationality in workplace public spaces federally funded (Kennedy did not pass it but LBJ will) 

March on Washington

• was ran by Martin Luther King Junior and the purpose of the march was to demand jobs and freedom to demand an end of segregation, fair wages, economic justice, voting rights, education, and civil rights protections

• MLK gave the famous “I have a dream speech” here

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Students created their own organization rather than to join SCLC or NAACP 

• Black college students that practiced peaceful direct action protest

Ella Baker

• Previously worked for NAACp and SCLC but hated the male dominance and helped shaped the SNCC with John Lewis 

Bob Moses

• Was a volunteer with SNCC during his vacation from his job as a teacher in NYC 

• Met a person named Amzie Moore and realized that not a lot of people in the South could vote so he went to SNCC the purpose of the program became to focus on a massive student campaign the vote

• Moses returned to Mississippi to work full-time on voter registration education at the SNCC  

Herbert Lee

• A supporter of a voter registration effort in Amite County, Mississippi was shot by E.H Hurst, a white representative 

Fannie Lou Hamer

• Argued that we can’t segregate ourselves if we are trying to break segregation 

• Co-founded Missisispi Freedom Democratic Party and Orgagnized Mississippi Freedom Summer

Mississippi Freedom Summer

White and black students advocated to register local African-Americans to vote and to demonstrate to the nation what an interracial collision looked like

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

• Called official all white Mississippi delegation for the 1964 democratic Party Meetings in Jackson, Mississippi 

• Succeded in raising the denial of voting rights in Mississippi to national attention 

Malcom X

• The most prominent voices of northern urban blacks 

• Fell to violence at an early age but converted to Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

• Became a preacher and preached for separation and spoke badly of white people but when he broke from Elijah Muhammad he took his trip to Mecca in which he realized any race could be brought together and advocated for equality and stopped talking bad about whites 

• Became a traditional Muslim and abandoned the Nation of Islam ways 

Elijah Muhammad

• Allah’s messenger what Nation of Islam believed in

Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU)

• Created by Malcolm X to advance his politcal agenda and his goal was to submit “The case of the American negro before the United Nations”