Psychology 230 Exam

The formal operational stage is most marked by which of the following?

hypothetical thinking

According to Piaget, school-age children are most likely in which period of cognitive development?

concrete operational

According to the text, what do effective teachers do?

use active teaching methods

Nina was adopted as a young child. Her IQ is likely to be most like which of the following?

both biological parents' averaged IQs

Boys tend to have an advantage in which of the following?

gross motor skills involving strength

In math, how do the best American students score in comparison to Asian students?

about average

A sixth grader must memorize the major battles of the Civil War. They decide to categorize the battles by geographic location. This is an example of which memory strategy?

organization

Jackson wanted to memorize a shopping list, so he imagined a story where each of the items was found on a path. In this story, he interacted with each item on the path. Jackson is using what kind of memory strategy in this example?

elaboration

Diagnosing problems with remembering and effectiveness of strategies for remembering are two features of which of the following?

metamemory

According to Carroll, what type of intelligence involves the understanding of printed language and vocabulary?

crystallized

Tyler is a seven-year-old boy who struggles with reading individual words. What should his parents be most concerned about?

developmental dyslexia

Students who learn from their failed attempts at memorizing are using which of the following?

metacognitive knowledge

Jonathan recites four numbers to Stephan and asks him to repeat the numbers back to him, but backward. What type of memory does Stephan use to retain the numbers and transform them prior to repeating them back to Jonathan?

working

Creativity involves divergent thinking, whereas intelligence often involves what type of thinking?

convergent

If a writer thinks about what they want to write and the purpose of their writing, organizes it, and then starts to write, they are using what strategy?

knowledge-transforming

Deductive reasoning refers to which of the following?

the ability to make appropriate conclusions from facts

Josie can identify all the words in a sentence but struggles to decipher its meaning. What does Josie have trouble with?

comprehension

What does being gifted as a child and being emotionally intelligent as a child both predict in later years?

relationship satisfaction

What score on a standardized IQ test along with problems adapting to environments typically defines an intellectual disability?

70

Which of Sternberg's Theories of Successful Intelligence are represented by a student who can analyze a problem and find different solutions?

analytic ability

Children who only befriend others of the opposite sex tend to be which of the following?

less socially skilled

Which type of parents show moderate control and high warmth?

authoritative

Which of the following best highlights an interactionist view of parents and children?

The child is grumpy in the morning, so the parent wakes the child slowly and allows them time to warm up to the new day. Everyone has a better morning because of this.

Which of these is true of the link between viewing television and short attention spans in children?

It is unsupported by research.

Despite often confusing the two, in which stage of perspective-taking do children know that self and others can have different thoughts and feelings?

undifferentiated

Victor is the captain of the soccer team. He is not the best player on the team, so he was likely chosen to be the captain because he demonstrates which of the following?

influence over the rest of the team

What are the two dimensions of stable parental behavior?

warmth and control

Who tends to spend the most time playing online video games?

adolescent boys

Social networking via computers or cell phones tends to do which of the following?

increase quality of friendships because it promotes self-disclosure

Sam receives poor grades in school, so his parents forbid him to watch television. Sam's parents are administering which of the following?

punishment

Julie is a risk-taker, innovative, popular, and outgoing. She is likely which of these?

last-born child

What are the standards of behavior that apply to all group members?

norms

Which group of children are liked by many classmates?

popular children

Justin likes to beat up other children in order to get their lunch money. This is called what kind of aggression?

instrumental

When Ann is being punished or told that she does not have permission to do something, her parents explain why. This is an example of which of the following?

direct instruction

When a parent does not punish but instead gives in to a child's unruly behavior, what has the parent fallen into?

a negative reinforcement trap

Television seems to do which of the following?

increase gender stereotyping

Children's descriptions of other people go from \________.

concrete to conceptual

Which children in a class are likely to be both liked and disliked by classmates?

controversial children

When does divorce typically affect children most negatively?

during the elementary school years

Adolescents are most likely to die from \________.

accidents

Fast-food diets can lead to a deficiency in which of the following?

calcium

Which of the following is the key gland involved in maturation during puberty?

pituitary

Which of the following is true of the onset of menstruation?

It is called menarche.

According to the text, what is the best way for adolescents to remedy obesity?

set goals for eating and exercise

Which body parts mature first?

hands and feet for both sexes

Pat's son and daughter both want to participate in sports. Pat asks you, as an expert in adolescent development, whether she should encourage her children or not. What would you recommend?

Yes, because with parental involvement and supervision, the benefits generally outweigh the possible risks.

Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory applies to which of the following?

men more than women

Sam, a very popular student in high school, has just witnessed a bunch of his friends cheating on an exam. According to Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning, what is he likely to do?

Remain quiet because it is important to Sam to maintain his reputation as a good friend.

To enhance moral reasoning, what does research suggests that parents should do?

Engage in discussions about moral issues with their children.

What is the biggest influence on childhood obesity?

a combination of genes and the environment

Which capability achieves adultlike levels during adolescence?

both cognitive-processing capacity and processing speed

Although it might make sense to think that adolescent moodiness is due to hormonal changes associated with puberty, studies have found that which of the following affect(s) mood more?

social settings

When does adolescent response time reach adultlike levels?

at the middle of adolescence

Inadequate iron intake often leads to which of the following?

listlessness

Will an adolescent apply the same level of reasoning when judging information that supports their beliefs as when judging information that contradicts them?

No, adolescents selectively apply stronger standards to contradictory information so that it does not threaten their beliefs.

Which eating disorder is characterized primarily by bingeing and purging?

bulimia nervosa

Kohlberg was mainly interested in which of the following?

the reasoning behind choices made about moral dilemmas

When people reason about moral issues with others whose reasoning is at a higher level, the usual result is that individuals reasoning at lower levels do which of the following?

improve

Jonathan is a good student. He uses study skills, such as outlining and highlighting information in textbooks, making lists of materials to study more, and creating a master study plan. These techniques have been found to help adolescents

learn more effectively and remember more accurately

Jarren's immune system is no longer able to function. What disease would most likely account for this condition?

AIDS

According to personality-type theory, which personality-type shows verbal and quantitative skills when tasks are well defined?

conventional

Isaiah is overwhelmed by the task of achieving an identity. Which identity status best describes Isaiah?

diffusion

How does one gain an ethnic identity?

by learning the ethnicity's special customs and traditions

Why is smoking during adolescence even worse than smoking during adulthood?

Smoking can interfere with the development of the lungs in adolescence.

When children move from elementary school to middle school, what tends to occur with their self-esteem?

The self-esteem of both boys and girls temporarily drops.

Which of the following is true of the psychological effects of teen romances?

They can be both positive and negative.

Which of the following is true of early risk factors for violent behavior?

They affect the likelihood of later risk factors.

Delinquency is more prevalent in children of which group of adolescents?

those who live in poverty

Dawn is a cheerleader for her high school. She has good self-esteem, and her parents are supportive and use positive discipline. However, when she was sexually abused by a neighbor, she became depressed. Which of the following is a factor that may make her more prone to be depressed?

the abuse from the neighbor

Which of the following exemplifies how girls tend to view their first sexual experience?

romantic

Which condition is likely to reduce a teenager's likelihood of smoking?

having parents who use an authoritative parenting style

One treatment for depression involves the use of strategies that reframe negative thoughts about oneself. What is this treatment called?

cognitive therapy

In which phase of identity status is the individual actively searching for but has not yet found a satisfying alternative?

moratorium

According to personality-type theory, which personality type is task-oriented and likes thinking about abstract relations?

investigative

Teenage Kisha is very self-absorbed. Which term best describes her attitude?

adolescent egocentrism

According to Erikson, adolescents face a crisis between which two things as they develop?

identity and role confusion

Fourteen-year-old Mia often feels that she is being constantly watched and studied by peers. What term best explains the phenomenon that Mia is experiencing?

the imaginary audience

Rahul's parents firmly set rules, though they will sometimes change them if there is a good reason. Rahul's self-esteem is most likely to be which of the following?

high

Amanda has entered the workforce. She is most likely in which stage of career development?

implementation

What group in the U.S. population has the highest rate of going straight from high school to college?

Asian Americans

How does the developmental pattern of personal control change from childhood through to old age?

With age, secondary control increases while primary control declines.

According to Erikson, which of the following is the dominant conflict of young adulthood?

intimacy versus isolation

Results of Schaie's Seattle Longitudinal Study demonstrated strong cohort effects and what else?

strong interindividual variability

In middle adulthood, what is the result of integrating emotion into thinking?

tolerating contradiction and ambiguity in decisions

Jamaria expects to graduate from college, attend medical school, get married, and have three children by the time she is 36 years old. According to the text, what is Jamaria creating?

social clock

Janna was held in a Nazi concentration camp and barely escaped as a teenager. Now a U.S. citizen, she believes in strong punishment for people who wear or display a swastika (the Nazi symbol). What type of thinking does this most accurately illustrate?

situation-specific implicit social beliefs

What is the name for the fact that during adulthood, some aspects of intelligence improve and others decline?

multidirectionality

Which of the following is one of the most important rites of passage in most cultures to mark adulthood?

getting married

Bob is showing a decline in memory as he ages, but an increase in crystallized intelligence, whereas Elysée is showing the opposite as she ages. Together, they demonstrate Baltes's concepts of which of the following?

multidirectionality and interindividual variability

Which of the following have studies shown are the two most important social influences on health?

educational level and socioeconomic status

Which behavior is the biggest contributor to health problems in the United States?

smoking

Students who entered the workforce before attending college are called?

returning adult students

The difference between edgework and reckless behavior is:

expertise and planning.

American men of what descent are less likely to die as young adults than men of Alaskan descent?

European

Attributing success to one's ability relative to one's efforts yields greater satisfaction in?

older adults

Which group of people is more likely to take part in weekly binge drinking?

female college students

People who quickly solve a maze problem are higher in?

fluid intelligence

Andrea changed her positive impression about the new CEO after receiving negative information. Andrea's impression formation tells us that she is likely:

an older adult.

Many more Americans attend college today than in the 1900s, which best exemplifies which of the following?

cohort effects