Vision, TBI, Cognitive Dysfunction, and Motor Learning

Visual perception

The process that integrates vision with other sensory input for adaptation and survival is known as ________.

Visual perceptual hierarchy

_______ includes the processes of visual cognition, visual memory, pattern recognition, visual scanning, and visual attention.

Visual cognition

__________ is the ability to manipulate visual input and integrate vision with other sensory information to gain knowledge, solve problems, formulate plans, and make decisions.

Visual memory

________ is the ability to create, retain, and recall memories of images to use for comparison during visual analysis.

Pattern recognition

________ involves identifying the salient features of an object and using these features to distinguish the object from its surroundings.

Saccade

A _________ is a movement of the eye toward an object of interest in the environment; its purpose is to focus on the object with the fovea.

Oculomotor control, visual fields, visual acuity.

Visual input is provided through the functions of ___________ , which enables eye movements to be completed quickly and keeps the image focused on the fovea to ensure that it can be clearly seen; ______________ , which register the visual scene and ensure that the brain receives complete visual information; and ____________ , which ensures that the details of the environment and tasks can be seen, including color.

Photophobia

Many people with acquired brain injury experience _____________ , an abnormal sensitivity to light that is uncomfortable and often painful.

Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism

The three most common optical defects that affect acuity are ___________ (nearsightedness), __________ (farsightedness), and _______ , typically caused by a corneal defect.

Binocular, fusion

________ vision ensures perception of a single image even though the brain receives two separate images; the process of combining two visual images into one is called sensory __________.

Convergence insufficiency

The most commonly identified focusing disorder is _________. This occurs when clients have difficulty obtaining or sustaining adequate focus during near vision tasks.

visual field deficit

Damage to the photoreceptor cells in the retina or to the optic pathway that relays retinal information to the cortex for image processing results in a _____ (VFD).

Hemiinattention

_________ is defined by Kerkhoff and Schenk as “impaired or lost ability to react or process sensory stimuli (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) presented in the hemisphere contralateral to a lesion of the human right or left cerebral hemisphere.

Neglect

The combination of hemiinattention and left hemianopia creates the most severe form of hemiinattention, visual ______.

Traumatic brain injury

_________ (TBI) is defined as an alteration in brain function, or other evidence of brain pathology caused by an external force.

concussion

A ______ is an injury to the brain that occurs because of a blow to the head, or because of a fall or blow to another part of the body causes rapid back-and-forth movement of the head.

Chronic traumatic

__________ encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease seen in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including symoptomatic concussions and subconcussive hits to the head that do not cause symptoms.

Focal

_______ brain injury is caused by a direct blow to the head after collision with an external object, a fall, or a penetrating injury resulting from a weapon, collision of the brain with the inner tables of the skull results.

Post-traumatic amnesia

________ (PTA) is the length of time between the injury and the moment when the individual regains ongoing memory of daily events.

Decorticate, decerebrate

_______ rigidity results from damage to the cerebral hemispheres, causing an interruption in the corticospinal tracts; ______ rigidity occurs as a result of damage to the brainstem and extrapyramidal tracts.

Postural

______ deficits develop as a result of an imbalance in muscle tone throughout the body, and individuals may accentuate these deficits by using ineffective strategies to compensate for impaired motor control.

Frontal

________ lobe damage often results in impairment of insight regarding one’s own limitations, as well as impulsivity, or the inability to consider consequences before acting.

unilateral neglect syndrome

In the body schema, perceptual dysfunction known as ________, the individual loses the ability to integrate perceptions from one side of the body or environment, usually the left.

Sensory

______ regulation increases neurological signals to the reticular activation system, the structure of the brainstem that alerts the brain to important sensory input from the external environment.

rehabilitative, compensatory

The _______ model is supported by the theory of neuroplasticity, which holds that the brain can repair itself or reorganize its neural pathways to allow the relearning of lost functions; in contrast, the ______ model holds that repair of damaged brain tissue has fully occurred or cannot occur, leaving the individual unable to perform lost functions without external assistance.

Environmental, interactive

__________ interventions alter objects or other environmental features; ________ interventions are approaches that staff and caregivers use to interact with a client.

Self-awareness

_______ is the ability to perceive the self with relative objectivity while still maintaining a subjective sense of self through one’s thoughts and feelings.

Sustained attention

________ attention supports tasks that require vigilance and the capacity to maintain attention over time; often measured by the time spent on a task.

anosognosia

The lack of knowledge of or denial of deficits or disease processes and the implications of the deficits is called ______.

Long-term

__________ memory is relatively permanent storage of information with unlimited capacity.

Explicit

________ memory is defined as memories of events that have occurred in the external world, such as remembering places, names, and various words.

Episodic

_________ memory involves autobiographic memory for contextually specific events and personally experienced events; such as what one had for breakfast.

Semantic

________ memory is knowledge of the general world and facts, linguistic skill, and vocabulary, such as remembering the name of the president.

Implicit

_________ memory (also called nondeclarative memory) is necessary to perform events and tasks or to produce a specific type of response. It does not require conscious retrieval from the past.

Executive

_______ functions are directed activities involving volition to take action; planning to reach a goal; taking purposive action and implementing a plan; and ensuring effective performance by monitoring, self-correcting, and regulating aspects of the performance to achieve success.

Procedural

________ memory is the memory involved in skill performance; it involves a blend of cognitive, motor, and perceptual skills.

Motor learning

______ is the acquisition and modification of learned movement patterns over time.

Brain plasticity

The ability of the brain to reorganize and develop new pathways is known as ________.

heterarchical; hierarchical

In dynamic systems theory, the _________ model views each component (client, environment, occupational performance) as being critical in a dynamic interaction supporting the client’s ability to engage in occupation, as opposed to the _______ model, which views higher centers in the central nervous system as having control over subordinate lower centers.

Task-oriented

The _______ approach focuses on enabling the client to obtain motor recovery through occupational performance using real objects, environments, and meaningful occupations.

Learned nonuse

_______ is the phenomenon in which the client neglects to use the affected extremity because the difficulty in coordinating movement after the onset of a stroke.

shaping

Behavioral techniques that approach a desired motor outcome in small, successive increments are collectively called _______ techniques.

Wolf Motor

The _________ Function Test consists of 15 motor items that examine contributions from the distal and proximal muscles of the arm.

Motor control

__________ is the outcome of motor learning and involves the ability to produce purposeful movements of the extremities and postural adjustments in response to activity and environmental demands.

Dynamic system

Modern motor control approaches are based on _____________ theory, which views motor behavior as a dynamic interaction among client factors, the context, and the occupations that must be performed to enact the client’s roles.

Task-oriented

The ________ approach to motor recovery is based on dynamic systems principles, in which occupational performance and motor recovery occur as the result of a dynamic interaction among the person, the environment, and the occupations being performed.

Knowledge

________ of the results is a form of external feedback in which the client assesses whether the correct results were achieved after completion of the motor action.