developmental psych

a branch of psychology that examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan

developmental psychology

physical, cognitive, moral, social

4 areas of concern in developmental psych

a research method that assesses developmental changes by evaluating different age groups of people at the same time

cross-sectional research

a research method that assesses the same group of people over a period from months to many years

longitudinal research

a research method that assesses a number of different age groups over several points in time instead of just once

sequential studies

a research method that investigates development in one person at a time

retrospective studies

the development of problem solving, reasoning, judgement, and thinking from birth through adolescence and stopped around early adulthood

cognitive development

who studied cognitive development?

piaget

the ability of remembering, thinking, reasoning, and solving problems

schema

to take new information and apply it to old information

assimilation

changing the way you think to conform; modification

accommodation

first stage; from birth-age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

sensorimotor stage

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view

object permanence

in what stage of piaget's cognitive theory does object permanence develop?

first stage

the fear of unfamiliar people; develops with object permanence

stranger anxiety

stage two; from ages 2-7, a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

preoperational stage

a type of thinking where you see the world from your own point of view

egocentric thinking

a belief that all living things are just like you

animistic thinking

at what age does conservation begin to develop?

age 5

third stage; ages 7-11 where children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events through grouping and classification

concrete-operational stage

at what age does the understanding of conservation stop developing?

age 9

fourth stage; ages 12+ where people begin to think logically about abstract concepts; the ability to analyze/question continues to fluctuate

formal operational stage

who made the sociocultural theory of cognitive development?

vygotsky

the theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

sociocultural theory

the integration of attitudes, values, standards and the opinions of others into one's own identity or sense of self

internalization

a concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a more-skilled individual

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

types of cognition in adults

fluid and crystallized intelligence

abilities that require fast internalized learning (ex. puzzles)

fluid intelligence

abilities that rely on knowledge and skills (ex. vocab)

crystallized intelligence

a type of development that focuses on the changes in the ways we connect to other individuals and express and understand emotions

social-emotional development

what are the 4 types of parenting styles?

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

authoritative parenting

parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children

authoritarian parenting

parenting style in which the parents show lots of warmth with little to no boundaries, the child knows they are loved, and receives whatever they want

permissive parenting

parenting style in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children, no affection, provide for their children's basic needs, but nothing else

uninvolved parenting

a close emotional relationship between an infant and their mother/caregiver

attachment

who studied attachment through the infant monkey study?

harlow

the need for close contact with a caregiver that provides security in the environment, despite their inability to provide for anything else

contact comfort

who studied the different attachment styles through the strange situation study?

ainsworth

an attachment style marked by resentment towards the caregiver through ignorance/rejection due to their absence

insecure attachment

an attachment style marked by maintaining a positive mood and interacting with their environment, even when the caregiver is absent

secure attachment

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

temperament

what are the temperaments for easy babies?

cheerful, relaxed, follows predictable patterns of eating/sleeping, sociable

what are the temperaments for difficult babies?

irritable, intense, unpredictable, less sociable

consciousness of oneself as a person; develops between ages 1-2

self-awareness

observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance; develops between ages 1-2

social referencing

who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan?

erikson

a concept that explains personality development and skills through social conflicts

psychosocial development theory

first year of life; the infant needs to find a sense of security by determining if their needs are dependably met

stage one: trust vs mistrust

second year of life; child learns to exercise their will and do things for themselves OR doubt their abilities

stage two: autonomy vs shame/doubt

allowing the child to do things on their own THROUGH influence, even if it isn't done properly

autonomy

ages 3-5; child learns to initiate tasks and carry out plans OR they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

stage three: initiative vs guilt

allowing the child do do something on their own WITHOUT influence

initiative

ages 6-puberty; child learns the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks OR they feel inferior

stage four: industry vs inferiority

allowing the child to engage with their environment, working with their hands, and building friendships

industry (competence)

during adolescence; working on defining your sense of self OR you become confused about who you are

stage five: identity vs role confusion

during early adulthood; learning how to form close relationships to gain intimate love OR feeling socially isolated

stage six: intimacy vs isolation

during middle adulthood; discovering a sense of contributing to the world OR feeling a lack of purpose; preparing for the future generations

stage seven: generativity vs stagnation

late adulthood; reflecting on your life lived, and if you feel a sense of satisfaction OR failure

stage eight: integrity vs despair

who studied the mid-life crisis theory?

levinson

an emotional crisis of identity and self-confidence; enlightens an awakening

mid-life crisis

who created the moral development theory?

kohlberg

earliest level of moral development; at this level, self-interest and event outcomes determine what is moral

preconventional level

when someone does the right thing to avoid punishment

level 1 of moral development

when someone does the right thing to further their self interests; based on the benefits derived from the action

level 2 of moral development

middle stage of moral development; at this level, strict adherence to societal rules and the approval of others determine what is moral

conventional level

when someone follows the rules to live up to the expectations of others

level 3 of moral development

when someone follows rules to maintain law and order to do their civic duty

level 4 of moral development

highest stage of moral development; at this level, decisions about morality depend on abstract principles and the value of all life

postconventional level

when someone does the right thing based on the welfare of others; life above law

level 5 of moral development

when someone does the right thing to promote justice and avoid self-condemnation

level 6 of moral development

a type of development that focuses on maturation and critical periods through aging

physical development

a time interval during which specific stimuli have a major effect on development that the stimuli do not produce at other times

critical period

period of development from conception until birth

prenatal development

a fertilized egg with the genetic intructions for a new individual normally contained in 46 chromosomes; eggs are rapidly dividing

zygote

the development prenatal stage when most organ development begins; after 2 weeks of fertilization

embryo

the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

abnormalities present at birth that are caused by a malfunctioning gene or an environmental stimulus

birth defects

harmful substances during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects

teratogens

cigarette smoking during pregnancy leads to what in the fetus?

miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, low birth weight

types of teratogens

alcohol, drugs, tobacco, mercury, lead, cadmium, viruses, malnutrition, overdose of vitamin A, etc

taking heroin/cocaine during pregnancy leads to what in the feuts?

withdrawal symptoms and an inability to concentrate

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

fetal alcohol syndrome

what are the characteristics of a child with FAS?

low intelligence, small head, flat face, misshapen eyes, flat nose, thin upper lip, and some learning disabilities

newborns are also known as...

neonates

the automatic response of turning his/her head when touched on the cheek to try to receive the stimulus by mouth

rooting reflex

the automatic response of drawing anything into the mouth

sucking reflex

the automatic contraction of throat muscles that enables food to pass into the esophagus without the neonate choking

swallowing reflex

the automatic response where the infant closes their fingers tightly around an object put in their hand

grasping reflex

the automatic response of the neonate arching their back or flinging their limbs out and retracting it from a loud noise/sudden drop

moro/startle reflex

decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus

habituation

sexual maturation marked by the onset of the ability to reproduce; develops during adolescence

puberty

during what time period does the prefrontal/frontal cortex mature?

young adulthood

cessation of the ability to reproduce; a decrease of female sex hormones

menopause

during what time period do the neural processes begin to slow?

late adulthood

the sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female

gender

sets of expectations that prescribe how males/females should think, act, and feel

gender roles

the possession of BOTH masculine and feminine characteristics

androgyny

our sense of being male/female/neither; how you actually are rather than what society says

gender identity

anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative stereotype

stereotype threat