Chest Pathology and Radiographic Indicators of Lung Diseases (shana)

Aspiration

a mechanical obstruction caused by foreign objects entering the air passages, most commonly affecting small children

Atelectasis

a condition where all or part of a lung collapses due to bronchial obstruction or puncture

What happens to the trachea and heart during atelectasis?

The trachea and heart may shift towards the affected side due to less air in the lung

Bronchiectasis

an irreversible dilation/widening of bronchi or bronchioles caused by repeated pulmonary infections or obstructions, leading to chronic inflammation and mucus production

Bronchitis

an acute or chronic condition characterized by excessive mucus secretion in the bronchi; primarily caused by cigarette smoking, viruses, or bacteria; results in cough, shortness of breath

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

a persistent obstruction of the airways that causes difficulty in emptying the lungs; often caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis

What is the predominant cause of COPD?

Cigarette smoking

How is asthma related to COPD?

Asthma is also considered a form of it

Cystic Fibrosis

the most common inherited disease; characterized by heavy mucus secretions that clog bronchi and bronchioles

Dyspnea

a condition of shortness of breath; often caused by physical exertion, pulmonary edema, or cardiac conditions; common in older persons

Emphysema

an irreversible and chronic lung disease; characterized by enlarged air spaces in the alveoli due to wall destruction and loss of elasticity; air tends not to be expelled resulting in labored breathing

What is the primary cause of emphysema?

Smoking and long-term dust inhalation

Radiographic signs of emphysema in severe cases?

increased lung dimensions, barrel chest, depressed and flattened diaphragm, obscured costophrenic angles, and elongated heart shadow

Lung Neoplasm

A new growth or tumor that can be benign or malignant

What is the most common benign pulmonary mass?

Hamartoma; typically found in peripheral regions of the lungs

Epiglottitis

edema/swelling of soft tissue in the upper airway near the epiglottis; most common in children of 2 to 5 years

Bronchogenic carcinoma

a type of lung cancer that starts in the bronchi, accounting for more than 90% of lung cancers

Benign

Non-cancerous

Malignant

Cancerous

Pneumoconiosis

Occupational lung diseases

Anthracosis

also known as black lung pneumoconiosis; caused by coal dust inhalation for a period of 10 years or more

Asbestosis

caused by inhalation of asbestos dust (fibers), which results in pulmonary fibrosis and may develop into lung cancer

Silicosis

a permanent lung condition caused by inhalation of Silica (quartz) dust; increases risk of TB development

Pleural Effusion

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity

Hydrothorax

the outdated term for Pleural Effusion

Empyema

a type of pleural effusion where the fluid is pus

Hemothorax

a type of pleural effusion where the fluid is blood; commonly caused by congestive heart failure on the Right side, and trauma or infection on the Left side

Pleurisy

the inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs; usually caused by a virus or bacteria; results in severe pain due to visceral and parietal pleura 'rubbing' during respiration

Pneumonia

an inflammation of the lungs resulting in fluid accumulation

Aspiration, Bronchopneumonia, Lobar, and Viral/Interstitial

What are the 4 types of Pneumonia?

Pneumothorax

accumulation of air in the pleural space; causes partial or complete lung collapse; resulting in immediate and severe shortness of breath and chest pain

Bronchopneumonia

bronchitis of both lungs; most commonly caused by bacterial infections, particularly Streptococcus or Staphylococcus

Viral (Interstitial) pneumonia

inflammation of the alveoli and connecting lung structures

Tuberculosis (TB)

a contagious disease; potentially fatal; caused by airborne bacteria

Pulmonary edema

a condition of excess fluid in the lungs; most frequently caused by a backup in pulmonary circulation due to congestive heart failure or coronary artery disease

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

emergent condition in which the alveoli & capillaries of the lung are injured/infected, resulting in leakage of fluid & blood into the spaces between alveoli; alveoli collapse

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

what is respiratory distress syndrome called in adults?

Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD)

what is respiratory distress syndrome called in infants?

Reactivation (Secondary) TB

usually occurs in adults; in apices/upper lobes; mottled irregular calcifications; hila contract upward; during healing, fibrous tissue develops, with calcification and can leave a cavity

Primary TB

1st time occurrence; hilar enlarged; enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes; lesions; pleural effusion

Aspiration Pneumonia

aspirate food/foreign object into the lungs; causes irritation of bronchi, edema

Lobar Pneumonia

inflammation confined to 1 or 2 lobes of the lungs; fluid accumulation