RTA210 | Final Exam - WEEK 8: The Impact of Video Tech & Convergence
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101 Terms
What made television a theoretical possibility in the 1870s?
a method of retrieving data from a database table by reading each row in a sequential order
What is economic convergence in media?
The cross-ownership of various media by a single corporate entity
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is an example of economic convergence via a major merger?
America Online merging with Time Warner
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What is a major concern about economic convergence?
Consumer choice appears diverse but is often limited to a few corporate sources
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How might economic convergence negatively impact journalism?
News stories unfavorable to parent companies might be suppressed
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One argument in favor of economic convergence is:
Large corporations can deliver high-quality content due to greater reach
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Which historical event spurred the development of the internet?
The Cold War
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Who developed the World Wide Web?
Tim Berners-Lee
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What two broadcast innovations changed radio in the digital age?
Satellite and digital radio broadcasting
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What was Winky Dink and You known for?
Pioneering interactive television
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Why was the roll-out of HD Interactive TV (HDIV) considered slow?
It required expensive upgrades and had little content
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What are considered the ultimate converged technologies?
Cell phones and computers
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What is technological convergence in media?
The digitization of all types of media content
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What Cold War-era U.S. government agency helped create the internet?
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
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What was ARPANET?
A Cold War era computer network linking universities
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What was the goal of ARPA's computer network?
Create a communication system that could survive a nuclear attack
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What is a key feature of satellite radio?
Subscription-based, narrowcasting, low ads
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In Canada, how is satellite radio regulated?
By the CRTC, with CanCon minimums
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Why is local radio still important in the satellite era?
It is critical during local emergencies and severe weather
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What is terrestrial digital radio?
Terrestrial digital radio is a broadcasting method that uses digital technology to transmit audio signals over the air
What does the convergence of consumer media usage involve?
Bringing together computing, communication, and content
3 multiple choice options
Why was Winky Dink and You eventually cancelled?
Children were drawing directly on TV screens
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What did GTE and Time Warner both attempt in the 1980s and 90s?
Test cable TV systems with interactive features like shopping and banking
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What percentage of UK households currently use Teletext for interactive content?
80%
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What is the closest thing to successful interactive TV today?
Audience voting via text or call on reality shows
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What technology was introduced by TiVo in 1999?
Personal Video Recorder (PVR)
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What privacy concern is associated with PVR technology?
It collects data about viewing habits
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Who invented television?
No one person - it was developed by many scientists over time
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Why is credit for television's invention often debated?
Technological contributions were often misrepresented or stolen for patent rights
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Which Scottish engineer built an early mechanical television system in the 1920s and 30s?
John Logie Baird
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Who patented a mechanical TV system in Germany in 1884?
Paul Nipkow
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Which French inventor described a working TV concept before Paul Nipkow?
Maurice LeBlanc
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Who built the first working television system in 1909 in France?
Georges Rignoux and Augustin Fournier
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Which American is often credited with inventing the first fully electronic television system?
Philo T. Farnsworth
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What company did David Sarnoff lead, which played a key role in the development of TV?
RCA and NBC
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What key idea in modern broadcasting did the first fax machine inventors help pioneer?
Sequential scanning and synchronization
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What made television a theoretical possibility in the 1870s?
The successful transmission of crude still pictures
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Why couldn't Paul Nipkow build a working model of his 1884 "Elektrisches Teleskop"?
The required electrical power wasn't available at the time
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Who created the first true working television system in 1909?
Georges Rignoux and Augustin Fournier
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What did Charles F. Jenkins demonstrate in 1923?
Transmission of images using radio waves
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What was John Logie Baird's dummy used in his experiments called?
Spooky Bill
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Which major television milestone occurred in April 1927?
Radio waves were found to deliver the same TV quality as land-line systems
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Why did electronic TV eventually win over mechanical TV?
It didn't require moving parts
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What invention did Zworykin patent in 1923?
Iconoscope
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Who is credited with inventing the first all-electronic television system in 1927?
Farnsworth
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Why was Farnsworth's system controversial with RCA?
RCA's own patents were purely theoretical while his worked
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What invention by Zworykin in 1929 helped TV screens become easier to see in lit rooms?
Kinescope Tube
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What was the legal conflict between Farnsworth and RCA about?
RCA using Farnsworth's technology without paying royalties
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Why did RCA claim they didn't need to pay Farnsworth for his invention?
They said his work was an extension of Zworykin's patents
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Who did RCA promote as the sole inventor of television in their publicity campaigns?
Vladimir Zworykin
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Who was competing to provide mechanical television service in the UK?
Baird Television Ltd.
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How was the dispute between EMI (electronic) and Baird Television Ltd. (mechanical) settled?
They had a competition—EMI won
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What was the reason the BBC used both mechanical and electronic systems for television in November 1936?
To appease both mechanical and electronic TV developers
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What caused the destruction of Baird's mechanical TV system in 1937?
A fire
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Which two television giants were battling for color TV patents in the 1940s-1950s?
CBS and RCA
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What did CBS’s field sequential color system rely on?
A rotating red, blue, and green color wheel
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Why did RCA’s dot-sequential system gain favor with the FCC in 1950?
It was backward-compatible with existing black-and-white TVs
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What was the first commercial TV program broadcast in color?
Dragnet
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What year did NBC become the first all-color network?
1966
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Who is Ed Jarmaine and what is his contribution to TV technology?
The creator of cable TV
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What was Ed Jarmaine’s original goal with Community Antenna TV (CATV)?
To provide better reception of American programming
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What was the purpose of the National Television Systems Committee? (NTSC)
A committee to set the standard for colour broadcasting
Who was the first person to successfully capture video images on magnetic recording tape in 1951?
Jack Mullin
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What was a major technical challenge of Mullin's early video recording system?
It required very high speeds, using too much magnetic tape
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In what year did Ampex develop a broadcast-quality videotape system capable of recording both video and audio on one piece of tape?
1956
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What 1963 development revolutionized videotape?
Editing directly on a VTR machine
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What company revolutionized the videotape?
Toshiba
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What was significant about Toshiba's helical scan/slant track innovation?
It allowed tape to move in reverse, stop, and change speed
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In 1969, Sony introduced what important advancement in professional video?
The U-Matic videocassette
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What was not a feature of the U-Matic tape format?
Designed for consumer home use
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By the 1980s, which countries and companies had become dominant in electronic tech and consumer electronics?
Japan - Sony, Panasonic, Hitachi
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What was the original purpose of satellites in the 1950s?
Space exploration and military strategy
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What satellite launched the space race between the US and USSR?
Sputnik
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What was the first American satellite, launched in 1958?
Explorer
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What was significant about AT&T’s Telstar satellite, launched in 1962?
It was the first satellite designed purely for communications
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Before satellites, how was American programming distributed across the country?
Coaxial cable and microwave transmission stations
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What made satellite technology revolutionary for broadcasting?
It allowed a feed to reach the entire country at once
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Which network was a pioneer in satellite distribution in 1975?
HBO
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What was Canada’s first satellite for broadcasting into the far north, launched in 1973?
Anik A-2
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What was the purpose of Direct-To-Home (DTH) satellite receivers in the USA?
To reach remote areas and provide direct, free unscrambled broadcasts
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Until 1986, what did HBO do to their satellite signals to prevent free access?
Scrambled them
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Why did many Canadians illegally access U.S. satellite broadcasts before 1995?
CRTC regulations blocked legal satellite access
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What tactic did Canadians use to get around CRTC regulations?
Rented post office boxes in border cities
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What 1975 invention changed how home viewers interacted with television?
The VCR
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How much did the original Betamax VCR cost when introduced?
Around $2000
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The development of digital video was driven by which earlier audio innovation?
The compact disc
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What is MPEG, in the context of digital video?
A video compression standard
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What was the significance of the 1996 DVD launch?
It was the most successful consumer electronics product launch in history
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Why was digital television slow to catch on in North America in the 1990s?
High cost and consumer indifference
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How did FCC establish HDTV transition in the US?
Created mandate for all HDTV in U.S
Where was interactive TV actually successful, and what was it mostly used for?
UK
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What is John Logie Baird responsible for in the context of TV development?
Built an early version of the mechanical television
What is Paul Nipkow responsible for in the context of TV development?
Patented a crude version of the mechanical television
What is Maurice LeBlanc responsible for in the context of TV development?
Described a workable system for transmitting moving images
What is Georges Rignoux and Augustin Fournier responsible for in the context of TV development?
Built the first working television system in 1909
What is Vladimir Zworykin responsible for in the context of TV development?
Invented the iconoscope (ie. tv camera tube), the invention that led to development of all forms of electronic tv
What was the battle between Zworykin VS. Farnsworth?
Debate over the creation of electronic TV. Farnsworth is credited with invention of first electronic TV but took inspiration from Zworykin
What is Charles Jenkins responsible for in the context of TV development?
Used radio waves to transmit very simple crude images of small objects from a transmitter to a receiver rather than electrical wire and showed that TV didn't need wires to be practical
What is Philo Farnsworth responsible for in the context of TV development?
Farnsworth is credited with invention of first electronic TV and the image dissector (camera tube)
What is Ed Jermaine responsible for in the context of TV development?
Invented cable tv