Ip Communities part 2

Settlement areas of Tagalog Societies

•found in the southern and central parts of Luzon

•Rizal, Quezon, Nueva Ecija, Batangas, Bataan, Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite

First state of class structures in tagalog societies

DATU/Maginoo

•the Principales

• includes the datu, the noble and the chiefly

• the datu rules the barangay (composed of 100 – 300 households)

•may also include smaller barangays (30 – 70 families) ruled by lesser  datu

•datuship is hereditary and male-oriented

•usually, the first son inherits the title

   

Subsistence patterns of taglog societies

•Coastal/River Systems  - fisherfolks

•Plains  - farmers

Functions or Privileges of the Datu

•the datu leads in war, execute decisions (conflict resolution)

•rules the barangay*

•controls the disposition of properties of the barangay

•responsible for distribution of irrigated lands

•can freely give a barangay to another datu

•can own lands

•collects tribute

•gets deference from people, services 

  *dulohan  -  barangay;  cluster of dulohan is a bayan

  *4 – 10 dulohan is ruled by a Lakan or Rajah  

Second State of Tagalog Societies

•: TIMAWA/MAHARLIKA

•ineligible to marry people of the higher states

•renders work to the datu

•enjoys agricultural right of the same portions in the barangay

•render agricultural labor (unlike the Bisaya)

•may be called for irregular work (building house, boat etc…)

•can never become a datu

how does one become a timawa

•born of timawa parents

•illegitimate offspring of a datu or maginoo with unmarried slaves

•may be an alipin who buys his freedom 

(Sanskrit word which means “noble”

Maharlika

Maharlika

•man of wealth but of lower aristocracy

•does not belong to the Maginoo class

•renders service to the datu

•comrade-at-arms with the datu

Third state of Tagalog Societies

•Namamahay

•slaves dropped off from the Timawa status or one  who rose from the Sagigilid

•becomes slave due to incurred debts

•works in the fields or the house of the person (ex: datu) to whom he is indebted and can be called from time to time

•can own house and personal belongings

•can bequeath inheritance

•can use land but restricted and cannot alienate it

upon death, the master has the right to take one child for gigilid or domestic services

Second Type of third state in tagalog societies

•Gigilid

•slaves in the inner part of the house –the hearth—(also near the toilet)

•members of the household of the master and ate out of the pot

•dependent on the master (including their children)

•can be sold or transferred to another creditor but can’t be used for slave trade or human sacrifice

Religion of tagalog societies

Animistic

They believe in (supreme deity)

Bathala

•– lesser deities; attribute gods who perform duties to guard man

anitos

•hermaphrodite image worshipped in the fields during planting and harvestin 

proprietary deities – for fruitfulness and protection from harm

Lakapati

•-  lovers and child birth

Dian Masalanta

•tuba gatherers

Mankukutod

•- hunter/ god of hunters

Aman Ikabli

•responsible for human sacrifice

•

Katalunan(Shaman)

Kinship of Tagalog Societies

•Bilateral

•paralineal system – angkan (lineage)

•nuclear-extended

•Kamag-anak (kindred)

•use of kuya, ate, ditse, diko, sansu, sansi (Chinese origin)

marriage system of tagalog societies

Brideprice and Matrilocality

•-  payment ot the parents of the bride by the groom (n.b. bridewealth is the more politically correct term)

brideprice

•both live with bride’s parents

matrilocality

Geographicalsetting of bisaya societies

distribution of populations along the coastal zones and plains; also along river banks

Resources of Bisaya Societies

•sea, forest, river system, rice cultivation

Physical traits of bisaya societies

•not very dark; men and women well formed with regular features

•both sexes wore their hair long knotted in a bun

•bodies of men are tattoed; women on legs and arms; PINTADOS

•bore ears for ornament

•wore fine clothes; cotton or silk

•gold pegging on teeth

Settlement patter of Bisaya Societies

linear (houses lined along path/road or rivers/creeks)

Housing of Bisaya Societies

•houses made of indigenous materials like bamboo (kawayan) and nipa

•usually on stilts

•upland dwellers may opt to live on tree houses 

Subsistence Pattern of Bisaya Societies

•fishing: baling/pukot, pasol, pana

•farming: daro, kabaw, basak

•flash and burn in upland areas (kaingin/swidden)

First Class of Bisaya Society

The Datu Class

•social class and political title

•ascribed right to respect

•sons have equal claim to succession; datuship can be inherited

•maintain purity of line; marry their own kind; cousin marriages practiced

•social distance maintained by deference

•can have many wives; wives can practice abortion;

•number of children limited to three

Functions and Duties of Datu

Second order or class in bisaya society

The Timawa Class

•personal vassal of the datu – bind themselves as seafaring warriors

•literally, half slaves of some datus; can achieve the status of ginoo

•first generation timawa: row and fight for the datu’s warship

•wine and food taster

•comrade in arms of the datu’ i.e., he will be defended by the datu and avenged if he dies

•do not pay tribute to the datu

•don’t tend to the farm; they are sea warriors

•doesn’t get anything unless the datu gives him bounty; this refers to the loots     they get in raiding

Functions of Timawa Class

•means of power consolidation of the datu

•imposes the datu’s supremacy

•preserves the datu’s authority

•birth rate is limited: 2-3 children

Third Order or class of bisaya Society

The Oripun

•technically, they are commoners

•can’t marry persons of nobility

•obligated to serve and support the aristocracy of the first order and the privilege retainer of the second order (not because they are indebted but because they were born in their social class)

•agricultural laborers

•most favored oripon

•can commute work into other forms of service or pay in kind to get a certain degree of freedom

•tumataban are most respected; can be bonded for six pieces of gold; can enjoy five days of labor per month

•tumarampok render four days of labor out of seven; may be bonded for 12 pieces of gold

•both live in their own houses; can have their own families; unlimited number of children; children can be trained to work in master’s household

•

tumataban  and tumarampok

•perform military service in lieu of farm work; also rowers or foot soldiers

•children can take their place when deceased

•can attend public entertainment and feasting

•can join raids and get share of booties

•can have the chance in becoming a datu (saving datu’s life…etc)

•obliged if called by the datu (house building etc…)

•cannot give inheritance to his heirs

Horohan ( head/ uluhan)

•debtors or captives or poverty-stricken people

•live in master’s house

•they are property of the master

•generally,  they are field hands

•wives work as domestic servants

•a single ayuey who marries becomes a tuhey (a tuhey works only 2 days out of 5 days)

•can be relieved of service if they pay back in kind

•they cannot inherit properties

. ayuey/tuhey

•enslaved as penalty for non-payment of fines

sirot

- enslaved because of debts; inferior; “out-class”

lupig

•– captives/alien; serve as offerings for human sacrifice

bihag

•– born of parent slaves in the house of the master

lubos nga oripon

•– only one parent is a slave or bular

pikas

•one-quarter slave; 3 grandparents are commoners

tilor/sagipat

•– totally slaves; bought or with debts

bugos or tuman

•raised by datu as children and freed when datu dies

silim or ginogatan