Gastrointestinal Terminology and Pathology

an/o

meaning: anus

terminology: anal

append/o

meaning: appendix

terminology: appendectomy

appendic/o

meaning: appendix

terminology: appendicitis

cholecyst/o

meaning: gallbladder

terminology: cholecystectomy

col/o

meaning: colon

terminology: colostomy

colon/o

meaning: colon

terminology: colonoscopy

duoden/o

meaning: duodenum

terminology: duodenal

esophag/o

meaning: esophagus

terminology: esophageal

gastr/o

meaning: stomach

terminology: gastralgia

hepat/o

meaning: liver

terminology: hepatomegaly

ile/o

meaning: ileum

terminology: ileostomy

jejun/o

meaning: jejunum

terminology: gastrojejunostomy

or/o

meaning: mouth

terminology: oral

pancreat/o

meaning: pancreas

terminology: pancreatitis

pharyng/o

meaning: pharynx

terminology: pharyngeal

proct/o

meaning: anus and rectum

terminology: proctoscopy

rect/o

meaning: rectum

terminology: rectocele

sigmoid/o

meaning: sigmoid colon

terminology: sigmoidoscopy

stomat/o

meaning: mouth

terminology: stomatitis

cholelithiasis

condition of gallstones

cirrhosis

Chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells

colonic polyposis

condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon

diverticulosis

abnormal condition of having diverticula (small pouches or sacs) in the wall of the intestine, often the colon

Diverticulitis

inflammation and infection within diverticula

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

occurs when stomach acid backs up into esophagus

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

inflammation of the last portion of the ileum (crohn disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis)

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

-cramping

-abdominal bloating

-constipation

-diarreah

Hepatocellular carcinoma

liver cancer

jaundice

yellowing of the skin from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia)

abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan:

a series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs

abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):

magnetic and radio waves create images of abdominal organs and tissues in all three planes of the body

abdominal ultrasonography:

process of beaming sound waves into the abdomen to produce images of organs such as the gallbladder

barium tests:

x-ray examinations using a liquid barium mixture to locate disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

endoscopic ultrasonography:

useful to detect enlarged lymph nodes and tumors in the upper abdomen

barium test

x-ray examinations using a liquid barium mixture to locate disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

cholangiography

x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into the bile ducts

gastrointestinal endoscopy

visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope

hem-occult test

feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac, which reacts with hidden blood. screening test for colon cancer

liver function tests

tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood

stool culture

test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

virtual colonoscopy

CT scans, MRI, and computers are used to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the colon

anastomosis

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

colostomy

the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface

ileostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the ileum

laparoscopic surgery

the use of a laparoscope to perform minimally invasive surgery

ALT,AST

alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase

BE

barium enema

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

GB

gallbladder

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

IBD

inflammatory bowel disease

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

LFTs

liver function tests

NPO

nothing by mouth

TPN

total parenteral nutrition