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What are the three main components of biodiversity?
Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
What ecosystem services does biodiversity provide?
Provisioning services, regulating services, support services, and cultural services.
What are the four major threats to biodiversity?
Habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation. and climate change.
How do we classify organisms?
The Linnaean System of Nomenclature (uses Latin)
What are the levels of classification from broad to narrow?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, Family, Genus, and Species.
What is the difference between Systematics and Phylogeny?
Systematics is concerned both with Taxonomy and Phylogeny. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and the relationships among a species or group of species.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
A diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor.
What are the steps to building phylogenic trees?
Select taxa to be included in the analysis: compare ingroup and outgroup
identify the homologous traits (characters) that are shared among the taxa, and group taxa by shared derived characters
Using algorithmic methods to find the most likely evolutionary tree
Construct the phylogenetic tree by grouping the taxa into nested clades based on shared derived characters
What is Cladistics?
A method used to infer evolutionary relationships using homologous characters that group taxa based on shared derived characters.
Symplesiomorphy
when the characteristic shared by the two or more taxa occurs in their earliest common ancestor.
Synapomorphy
when the character shared by two or more taxa occurs in their recent common ancestor
What are the limits of hierarchical classification?
Higher-level taxa are not directly comparable across lineages.
Hierarchical classification does not provide info. on evolutionary relationships
Taxa
A taxon (pl. taxa) is a group of organisms that are classified together.
Shared characteristics
characteristic that two lineages have in common
Clade
A group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor.
Derived characteristics
characteristics that evolve after species diverge, they establish clades.
an evolutionary change that sets a group apart from others eg. lungs was the evolution that established salamanders and pigeons apart from fish
Ancestral characteristics
characteristics shared by certain species and their most recent common ancestor
Monophyletic group
a single common ancestor and all of its descendants.
Paraphyletic group
a common ancestor and some of its descendants.
Polyphyletic group
a grouping with no recent common ancestor.
Allele frequency
How common an allele is in a population, an allele is a variant form of a gene located in the same position
