Mitosis and Meiosis

Meiosis

The process that produces haploid gametes

Cell division, half

Meiosis is a type of ___ ____ in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by ___

Sex cells

Meiosis only occurs in the __ ___ of the organism

Gametes

Sex cells

Somatic cells

Mitosis only occurs in the body’s ____ ___

Spermatogenesis

The formation of sperm cells through meiosis is called ______

oogenesis

The formation of egg cells through meiosis is called ____

Homologous chromosomes

Pairs of similar chromosomes that carry the same genes but can have different alleles

Allele

Different version of a gene (to create traits)

Traits

The product the genes control (formed by the alleles)

Gene, allele, trait

In an analogy: a ____ is like a recipe for cookies. A _____ is a different version of the recipe for different kinds of cookies (choco chip or oatmeal). The ____ is the cookie produced by the recipe.

One, parent

A Homologous chromosome pair contains ___ homologous chromosome from each ______

Crossing over

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange DNA segments, creating unique genetic material

46

There are ___ chromosomes in the human body

Replacing dead cells, repair cells, growth

The three functions of mitosis are

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

The stages of Mitosis

Cellular Reproduction

The process of how eukaryotic cells reproduce and divide

Exchange, efficiently

Cells have a set size because large cells can’t ____ as _____

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Three main stages of a somatic cell’s life

Chromosomes

Hundreds of DNA sequences called genes found in specific locations

Telomere

The sequence of proteins similar to the little plastic thing at the ends of shoelaces that ensure that the genetic information isn’t lost or broken.

Centromere

What keeps the chromosome together at the middle. Spindle fibers attach to this during Anaphase

Chromatin

Unwound DNA found during interphase a telophase in mitosis. Condenses around histone protein to form chromosome

Cell division

Chromosomes are only found during ____ _____

Tetrad

homologous chromosomes pair up to make a ——- during prophase I to cross over

nuclear membrane disappears, chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form

What happens during prophase in Mitosis

PMAT, create new cells, begins with 1 parent cell

Three similarities of mitosis and meiosis

Diploid

A ____ cell contains the full set of 46 chromosomes

Haploid

A ___ cell contains 23 chromosomes

Organelles duplicate, carries out normal functions

G1 of Interphase

Replicates DNA

S

Prepares for cell division

G2

Twice

In meiosis, cell division occurs _____

Binary fission

Cellular reproduction in prokaryotes

Cell Cycle

Intercellular activity between 1 cell division to the next

Towards the end of G1, between G2 and M, between Metaphase and Anaphase

Cell checkpoints locations

P53

Tumor suppressor gene that regulates the cell cycle and programs cell death

Apoptosis

Automated cell death

Cell plate, cleavage furrow

During telophase, plant cells develop a ____ ____ and animal cells develop a _____ _____

Sex chromosome

1 pair of chromosomes that go through meiosis

Carcinogen

Cancer causing factors/environmental factors

Malignant

_____ tumors are cancerous

Benign

_____ cells are non-cancerous tumors

Cancerous

When the P-53 gene mutates

n

gametes are represented with the letter ___

2n

diploid cells are represented with the letter ___

Chiasmata

The point of contact between two non-sister chromatids

Prophase I

Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over (gene exchange) occurs.

Metaphase I

Homologous chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides

Telophase I and cytokinesis

Two new cells form, each with half the original chromosome number.

Prophase II

Chromosomes condense again in both cells

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell.

Anaphase II

Sister chromatids are pulled apart.

Telophase II and cytokinesis

Four haploid (half-chromosome) cells are formed, each genetically unique.

Both

Sister chromatids separate in ___ (meiosis and Mitosis)

Genetic diversity

If crossing over didn’t occur, there would be no ____ _______

chromosomes, sister chromatids

In anaphase I, the ____ are pulled apart, while in anaphase of Mitosis the ___ _____ are pulled apart

Pairs

The homologous chromosomes line up in —— for metaphase I