Bio 1B

Ecology

Home; study of relationships (<3) btw organisms and their environment

Biosphere

The earth basically; Organisms, pop., comm. ecosys.

Organisms

individual

Population

Multiple organisms 1 species

community

Multiple species in 1 place

ecosystem

multiple species in 1 place + environment

What is life unified by?? -_-

Reproduction; life cycle completion; highly variable across species

What are examples of different life stages?

Redwoods: reproduction of new, large life

What is life history?

Suite of traits connected to a species life cycle and timing of MAJOR events

What are some examples of life history?

Average life span; survivorship, # and timing of reproductive episodes

WHAT are MORE examples of life history bruh

• size and number of offspring in each telenovela (reproductive) episodio

• time and inversiones de parental care

• survival: Alice in Borderland

Principle of Allocation

Organism w/ limited res. to invest in diff. actions and function

• res. invested in, function x available for another (so sacrificing)* trade off

• life cycle res. got to be allocated among growth, survival, and reproduction

example of principle of allocation in animals?

• foraging

• breeding

• caring for offspring

• allocation of biomass to offspring

example of principle of allocation in animals?

• seeds

• growth

• biomass

• nutrients

Does reproduction size = trade off? Why?

• yee hAW

• like an example would be smaller or bigger offspring

what are the costs of reproduction?

• more reproduction in one year → less next year

What is the survivorship curve variationS?

Fraction of individuals surviving to a given age

What are the types of survivorship curves and their meanings

Type I: long life to old age; most reach old age

Type II: semi mid long life; some reach to old age

Type III: short life span; very few individuals reach old age

Explain and identify them curves

demography define!

How populations change over time

Types of Species interaction (3 types)

• Individual of species A influences behavior or life of of species B

• A influences growth, survival, or reproduction of individual species B

• population of species A influences growth rate (dN/Dt) of a population of species B

What are the types of pairwise interactions and their meningin haahahahah

• competition- A and B fight for resources and consumption

• predation: A slays B

• herbivory: A eats B (a bitchy plant), can kill B

• Mutualism: A and B ❤ help each other;

• Commensalism: B helps A, B not affected

• Facilitation: General for mutualism and Com.

• Parasitism: A lives on B rent free, can kill it

define competition

2 organisms fight for same resource and consumption of it

1 reduces the availability of resource for others → reduced growth , survival, etc.

What is the difference between intraspecif and interspecific competition

Intraspecific competition- Competition between individuals of the SAME species

• behind density-dependent population growth

interspecific competition: Competition between individuals of DIFFERENT species

Do predators eat prey

yes.

• often reduces abundance of prey

What are prey strategies?

• Chemicals

• Escape

• Mimicry: imitations

  • dishonest: looks bad but is appetizing five star michelin

  • honest- taste bad is bad

• Fight back

is herbivory always predation?

nah. plant many not always be unalived

does predation always have a negative impact? Explain

usually yes, but some benefit like plants like beargrass

What are examples of mutualism

spreading seeds (birds collecting pollen and got them seeds in their feathers or wtv, and they be dispersing them), pollinate flowers (bees)

Explain facilitation in more details NOW

• usually positive

• often the other species be impacted

• sometimes mutualism for plants

what can fungal interactions do?

Can shift from mutaulism to parasitism depending on resource availibility.

elaborate on commensalism

1 benefits and the other is not affected its just sigma like that

• egret and human be an example

How do species interact

In networks

• represented with arrows linking species that hace a direct pairwise interaction

• Food webs: complex interactions

• food chains: simple interactions

  • do not show energy transfer

What are human interactions w/ non-human species

.. we be changing shit, changing the things we consider useful, and explit resources from the planet

e.g: agriculture of corn, harvesting animals

What does the Bide model mean

Accounts for all processes of the population

B-birth

I- immgration

d- death

e- emmigration

What is the equation of the Bide model (simplified)

N(t)+N(delta)t= Nt+B-D

population size at the time right now plus the population size at the current time plus the new number of individuals born minus the number of individuals dead

What do we assume about the population growth

every individual int he population = the amount of reproducion and death regardless of size and future

• demographic rates don’t depend on conditions they experience

What does exponential growth mean. explain.

-J-shaped in the graph; positive slope

• outcome; positive

• r>1; population size in increasing

what does dN/dt=b-d= rNt

every individual in the pop has an equal chance of removing and dying no mater how big the population is, differs form density independence, but reminds me of density dependence a little bit since it relate to population size, but they differ.

What does Nr= Nsubcript 0 * e^rt mean?

… exponential groeth of population; population groeth calculation

N- population time

N0- initial number of individuals at t=0

r- intrinsic growth rate of population (units: number of time)

What type of graph is this? (2nd)

r=0

What type of graph is this? (third on the right)

• logistic

• r<1

can exponential growth be forever???

no

• slow down if some probability: low resources, size/space

• pop. does tend to stop growing

• Mega… population - exhibit changes in per capita pop. change…

What is the percapita/individual growth rate?

• rate if a population growth /pop. size

• metric of average rate of population change ..individual in populations

• growth rate decreases when pop. is larger; necessary condition for pop. to stop growing

What does density dependance mean?

changes in per capita population growth rate with population size

slope positive

What is the equation for equilibrium and what does it mean?

1/n, dN/dt=0; per capita birth rate = per capita death rate

Why are birth rate negative density dependence

life be challenging in denser populations. Think about hella herds of taejus.Thye would lowkey if they were to get like a pathogen, they would die faster because of like limited space and easier contact that they have with each other cuz they be so big.

Why are death rate positive density dependet?

They be having less people….

Why is negative density dependance common?

life and challenges be hella hard in denser conditions.

if the total resources pool is limited, then the birth rates decrease, and the death rates increase

• few resources per each individual

• few available suitors/mates

• more competition for survivors

• more disease and parasites that can develop and be transmitted

Does exponential growth have density dependen?

hell nah

What does r refer to when taking about the logistic model

• constant number parameter

• not a var.

• pop. at which n comes to an equilibrium

what does the logistic model look like

• s shaped

• has the carrying capacity; imit of the max. in the population in an area

• r<1

what is density independent refer to?

-factors that do not relate to the population size that influence the population

• N limited by something unrelated to the size of the population

• population fluctuations cuz these factors change over time (like climate, fires, etc)

• ex: changes in tmeperature, water availibiility, land area

• population fluctuations are common

• when species coexist, populations can fluctuate (correlates to mainly to the community aspect though ahh)

eLABORATE ON the definition of a community

• multiple species co-occuring in a place at a time

• maybe interacting with each other

• does not include abiotic environment

• mostly restricted to a single type of organism

  • such as plants community or microbial community, just that they be different species

• spatial extent (overall area)

• sometimes it is clear (like a pond for fish)

defnine coexistence

when several species interact with each other in the area

what did home boy g.e hutchinson discover

• homeboy discovered hella plankton intercting with each other in aquatic environments when one might imaging 1 species would be fittest

• paradox of plankton

define scarcity and negative species interactions and explain

Scarcity- no resource is unlimited; shit be finite

• allocated by any individuals within species and across

negative species interactions-

define funamental niche and realized niche and give example

fundamental niche:

• FULL RANGE of conditions/resources used in which a species could maintina a stable population.

• No existance of other species.

• niche limits are based on physiological TOLERANCE

  • also resources and needs

realized niche: REAL/current conditions used → species can mantain a stable population in the presence of other co-occurring species

• limits usually set by community/predation or other negative interactions

define spatial partitioning

• homeboy robert mcarthur studied this in warbles

  • same fundamental niche

  • each different realized niche

  • competition reduced through each species Dominating different realized niche

• basically its when species that live in a given area, do not compete with each other for the same resources, rather the species have a section of food to themselves, that no other species like gets cu they can’t eat it I imagine.

what are disadvantages of niche overlap?

• …. less niche overlap

• more niche partioning→ decrease in community → a possible possibility of increased coexistance

How would a high niche overlap look like

• mainspaning, ovaries wide

• high community

• potential competition excluded

How would a low niche overlap look like

• low mainspaling; not as dominating; meek

• low competition

• potential indicator of coexistence so no one is like dominating

Explain predatory /prey systems

• species do not hare a resource,

• one is a resource for the other!

  Example: predators eat all prey→ prey gone→ predatory dead (an example of no predator/ prey existence)

• OOOOOORRRRRRRRR

  • PREDATOR finds little prey→ death of predator→ prey increase → 1 species exists; predator and prey coexist with each other

does predaotor increase if prey increase

yes

• negative density dependance

• 1 species population has low desinity since it bounced back like atees

  • does better when rare than common

  • negative density dependance is REQUIRED for species to coexist

    • each has to be able to bounce back like ateez form low density

wHat did homebofy Carl Hufferskins do

-studied predator and prey relationships

• borke habitat in 2 patches → coesixtence

• spatial refugges enable existance

what doe simple environment refer to?

when predaotr kills prey → no prey = no predator because big back ate it all

explain the concept of a complex environment in the context of the carl huffertchers shit

with refugees for prey, tge prey are killed by any given chance, but can colonize new oranges fast enough to escapr the predator and persist in the overall experiment

what is the loktova model and how does it relate to negatice density dependance

an exmaple of the predator and prey with coexistence

• prey population decreases →predator decrease

• predator decrease → prey increase

• prey increase → predator increase

• predator increase, prey decrease

predator is rare, preyare decreasing → predator ? bouncing BACK LIKE ATEEZ

what are factors of density independance

• factors that do not relate to the size of the population, but rather influence the population.

• effects: n limited by somrthing unrelated to the size of population

• - pop. show fluctuations bc these density independant factors change over time

  • changes in temperature, eater availibity, land area

    • fluctuations are common

what does spatial refuggee refer to

enable prey to BOUNCE BACK TO ateez from rarity and increase population size

can negatice species interaction imapct on pop

yes can be slow

what happens to communities and to coexistence when environment changes

• disturbace perturbs community

  • change in biotic and abiotic conditions in a community

  • happnes all of the time

    • doctors prescribing drugs, species introductions from humans, change in weather

• community experience succession

exaplain the different types of succesion

• primary succession: full on disturbance; shit wreaked its like ao3 type shit season 4

  • community becomes empty

  • any species that enters the community must 1st immgrate from another community its giving founders effect

  • ex: surtze island

  • ps influenced by dispersal and facilitations

• secondary succession: full on distubrance to existing community but they are some survivors/ population decreases or anu individual of some life stages survive

  • species that become resident in community represents either population growth from these individuals or immgration form another community

explain early succesion and later succ. species

early: (barely arriving species) are outcompeted by the later 9already resident) species

• early species can facilitate lare species by increasinfg their xp'/ nutrients or wtv

does disturbace increase richnesswhat are like exceptions

yes if its hella however if theres like more agricultural intensification, then there is a decrease in anthropod richness

• more land clearance decreases abundance and richness like oil palm

what do agroforests do

• maintain natural landscape fragments; intermixing species may be cultivated

• maintins high biodiveristy than intense plantion agriculture

• preseves indegenous knowledge

what does the luxury effect refer to?

rich people having more access to biodiversity because historical practices of redlining communities and not making them accisible to those woth low income and or non-white.

what are the limts of species distributions

• happen at the same time and is not sequential

• manu facots lowkey be seeing where species huzz be present

what is dispersal

movement of individual gametes/eggs away from and maybe back to their home town / og evolution

does behavior influnece dispersal

yes;

what does environment mean?

everything in organisms surroundings

what are species limit environments

• temperature gradient

• elevation gradient

• storm risk gradient

• predation risk gradient

• some are physical continuous and some are patchy in the natural world and they span a range of environmetal conditions

what is biome

depend on climate

• region experiences similar environments conditions→ similar core set of species

• defined at different geographuc scales by humans

what does hadley cell refer to

circulation of the air depending on the side of the earth

why does temp. increase at high elevations?

• air expands (low density, low pressured) and cools

• falling air compresses

  • high density, high pressure and warms

• precipitation inceases at high elevation on windward side of mountains

explain the rain shadow effect

• rainfall goes up windward side of mountain rage

• air cools, water vapor condenses→ falls as rainfall

• decreased air and reduced moisture left in the atmosphere → rainshadow on leeward side

  • oceans buffer climate, so climate extremes are stringer than inferior

What does maritime climate refer to?

low ampliture of seasonal temperature functuations

What does continental climate mean?

high amplitude of seasonal temperature fluctuations

what does ecosystem mean

all organisms in a place and the environment

what does eco. ecology mean

inputs/outputs of a system

• abstract complexity of a system

• decrease focus on pop. and communities

what does respiration explain

metabolic reactions release chemical energy

• return carbon to the environment

• re-raudience thermal energy

• all energy receied from the sun even re transferred away from the planet

• organisms can use safe of this good energy before it goes back to space

explain gross primary production

all energy from the sun by autotrophic organism

what about npp

all energy available to other organisms

show energy flow

primary producers→ herbivores→ primary carnivores→ 2nd carnivore → detrivores (all lead to them)

what does ecological effieciency mean?

fraction of later on to other organisms as growth (eff= growth/energy av.)

what does assimulation fraction

fraction of energy used by organism for growth and respiration

trophic pyrimid rule

10% rule

what does inverted pyramids mean?

• can be complex

• can happen but rath not much info.

explain trophic casccade and provide 2 examples

Effect in energy flow bc of a charge in biomass of 1 trophic level

Bottom up control: Amount of limiting resources determine energy available to producrs→ limit others

Top down control: amount of top predators/consumers determine energy flows of prey→ limit others

what does sociometabolism refer to?

metabolism of human accounting for bodily energy use and also inderict consumption through appropriation of ecosystem as well as other resources