bio 103 - final exam study guide

what is an emergent property?

a system that arises from the interaction of its parts but cannot be fully explained by examining those parts individually

example of emergent property

cells forming tissues ; individual cells cannot contract strongly on their own (coordinated movement)

biological organization

1. molecule

2. 2. organelle

3. 3. cell

4. 4. tissue

5. 5. organ

6. 6. organ system

7. 7. organism

8. 8. population

9. 9. community

10. 10. ecosystem

molecule

DNA, glucose, water (H2O)

organelle

mitchondrion, ribosome, chloroplast

cell

neuron, rbc, plant leaf cell

tissue

muscle tissue, nervous tissue

organ

heart, lungs, liver

organ system

digestive system, nervous system

organism

human, dog, oak tree

population

a herd of deer in a forest, all maple trees in a park

community

all organisms living in a forest

ecosystem

organisms and the physical environment (a coral reef)

4 major elements that make up the human body mass

O - oxygen (65%) 

C - carbon (18%)

H - hydrogen (10%)

N - nirtogen (3%)

nonpolar covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally between two atoms (atoms have similar electronegatvitiy)

properties of nonpolar covalent bonds

balanced charge, hydrophobic, strong bonds

examples of nonpolar covalent bonds

H2, O2, N2

polar covalent bonds

electrons shared unequally creating partial charges (different electrongeativites)

properties of polar covalent bonds

one atom pos one neg, hydrophilic, strong bonds, but weaker than ionic in water 

examples of polar covalent bonds

H2O, NH3, hydrogen bonds

ionic bonds

electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating full ions (large different in electronegativity metal + nonmetal)

properties of ionic bonds

forms cations (+) and anions (-), strong in dry form weaken in water, form crystal lattices

examples of ionic bonds

NaCl, KBr, MgO

hydrogen bonds

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (FON)

properties of hydrogen bonds

weak individually strong collectively, easily broken by heat, allows waters special properties (cohesion, high specific heat, surface tension, ice being less dense than water)

examples of hydrogen bonds 

between water molecules, between DNA base pairs A-T and C-G, H bonded to FO