CSI Test 1

CSI Effect

Confuse juror's, makes them believe that all evidence links back to one suspect and all evidence is tested

The CSI Effect makes the job of a prosecuting attorney

More difficult

CSI effect makes the job of a defense attorney...

Easier, easy to poke holes in Prosecution's argument

1776

US declares independence

1787

US Constitution was written

1788

US Constitution ratified

1789

US Constitution took effect, George Washington inaugurated as 1st President, US Marshal's established, US Attorney General established - highest ranking officer

1791

US Bill of Rights takes effect

Eugene Vidoq

"Father of Criminal Investigation", first to create a criminal database, used disguises, French

Mathieu Orfila

"Father of toxicology", legitimizes field of toxicology with testing arsenic

MET

London "Metropolitan Police" Department

US Postal Inspection Service (USPIS)

First federal law enforcement referred to as "Special Agents"

Texas Rangers

First policing agency with statewide jurisdiction

Scotland Yard

Named for the yard outside of the London Police Building. Could be hired out to conduct private investigations

Allan Pinkerton

Hired as 1st city police detective in Chicago

Creates 1st Private detective agency in the US

NYPD

Largest municipal detective divisions in the world

Work internationally because of Wall St, global economy

1865

U.S. Secret Service (USSS) established to combat counterfeiting on the same day Abraham Lincoln is shot

Alphonse Bertillon

Developed 1st "personal identification system"

Anthropometry - uses 11 different body measurements and a photograph

"Father of the modern mug-shot"

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Wrote Sherlock Holmes

Introduces idea of logic and scientific method to solve crimes

Sir Francis Galton

Develops a fingerprint classification system

"Father of fingerprint identification"

Hans Gross

1st to publish a book with the use of the scientific method to solve crimes

coined the terms "Criminal Investigation" and "Criminalistics"

Police Bike Patrol

Developed by Theodore Roosevelt

Karl Landsteiner

Developed a method to classify liquid blood

1902

Secret Service begins to offer Presidential Protection after the assassination of President William McKinely

1908

Bureau of Investigation established

Edmond Locard

"Father of forensic science"

Established 1st crime laboratory in the world

Locard's Exchange Principle

Whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is exchange of materials between them.

Albert Osborn

1st authoritative study on handwriting analysis

Leone Lattes

developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains

1921

Modern polygraph invented

1923

Polygraph invalidated in court

Frye vs. US

August Vollmer

Established the first crime lab in the US in LA

1st school of criminalistics at Berkley

Calvin Goddard

Father of Ballistics

Development of the comparison microscope

1932

FBI crime lab is created

1920-1933

Prohibition

Paul Kirk

First to really look at blood splatter, coined the term

1966

Miranda vs. Arizona

Miranda rights need to be read if custodial investigation or becomes a suspect

1967

National Crime Information Center (NCIC) created

Computer clearing house

1985

Alec Jeffreys cracked the genetic code of DNA, discovered DNA was unique

1986/87

First use of nuclear DNA fingerprinting in court in England, Colin Pitchfork case

Same year DNA first used in a case in Orlando, Tommy Lee Andrews

1996

First use of mitochondrial DNA fingerprinting US court case

1998

The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) became fully operational

1999

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)

National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBW)

Fully operational

2002

Dept. Homeland Security established

Berghis v. Thompkins

After your Miranda rights are read, you need to invoke your right to stay silent

2001

9/11 Attacks

U.S. Attorney General

Pam Bondi

Florida Attorney General

James Uthmeier

Reasonable Suspicion

Can stop someone. Based belief of potential past, present, and future crimes

Probable Cause

Probably or definitely committed a crime, make an arrest deriving them of freedom of movement

Proof beyond a reasonable doubt

burden of proof in a criminal case

2 parts to the Miranda Rights

Right to remain silent, right to an attorney

5 Manners of death

homicide, suicide, natural, undetermined, accidental

NCIC

National Crime Information Center (FBI)

Clearinghouse of criminal investigation information

FCIC

Florida Crime Information Center (FDLE)

Florida Crime clearinghouse

NGI

Next Generation Identification (FBI)

Biometric identification and criminal history database

IAFIS

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (FBI)

Fingerprint database

AFIS

Automated Fingerprint Identification System (FDLE)

State run identification system

CODIS

Combined DNA Index System (FBI)

DNA databases - Felony and freaks

NIBIN

National "Integrated" Ballistics Information Network (ATF/FBI)

FBI handles communications

ATF Hardware

National Automative Paint File

Paint database (FBI)

PDQ

Paint Data Query (RCMP)

Canada!

SICAR

Shoeprint Image Capture & Retrieval (Private)

FISH

Forensic Information System for Handwriting (Secret Service)

Handwriting

International Ink Library

Secret Service

Civil Law

Agreements, Contracts, Obligations (Written, verbal, and nonverbal

Civil threshold of guilt

Preponderance of evidence, more likely then not

Judge

Trier of the law

Jury

Trier of the facts

Purposeful

Premeditated plan executed with the intent to shoot and kill

Knowing

Shot and killed professor Shaw out of anger without intent to kill him

Reckless

Fired a shot near professor Shaw to scare him without intent to kill him, but accidentally hit him and killed him

Neglegent

Nuclotide

One DNA molecule unit consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Polymers

Either man-made (paint/plastic) or naturally occurring (cellulose/proteins).

One ploymer

Nuclotide

4 types of DNA bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

DNA is in a

Double Helix

Complementary base pairing

Adenine and Thymine pair, Cytosine and Guanine pair

Number of cells in the human body

60 to 100 trillion cells

Bases in Human Genome

3.1 Billion bases

Genes in the Human Genome

20,000 to 25,000 genes

What makes up genes?

DNA

DNA codes for production of

Amino Acids

Amino Acids make

Proteins

How many Amino Acids are known?

20

What is used for DNA Identification?

Tandem repeats - 20-30% of the DNA strand

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)

Used for DNA identification between 1985-1995, 15-35 tandem repeats, cannot be replicated

Short Tandem Repeat (STR)

Used for DNA Identification 1995-present, 3-7 tandem repeats, can be copied

Multiplexing

Running multiple STR’s at the same time

Double helix

Discovered by Watson and Crick

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Technique to copy or multiply DNA strands in a laboratory text tube, doubles the DNA

Amount of DNA needed for a DNA profile

18 DNA-containing cells

Mitochondrial DNA

Family ancestory

How much blood should be withdrawn for a sample?

7 cc’s

Skeletonization

Edges of pooled blood that cogulateand dry, leaving a residue that outlines the shape of the pool. Occurs within minutes

Blood wipes

Something wipes through sitting blood

Blood Swipes

Blood on the hand or object is imprinted on a blank surface

Collect liquid blood

Dry cotton swab, air dry, clean paper envelop, paper bag

Collect dry blood

Cotton swap dampened with distilled water, collect blood, air dry, paper envelope, second container