Super's Career Development Model & Anxiety Disorders Overview

What is Super's developmental model of career choice?

It views occupational development as a process that begins in childhood, unfolds gradually across the lifespan, and ends with retirement.

What is the critical factor in Super's model of career choice?

The self-concept, which influences decisions about work and career commitments.

What are the five major stages of Super's occupational life cycle?

1. Growth stage (0-14), 2. Exploration stage (15-24), 3. Establishment stage (25-44), 4. Maintenance stage (45-65), 5. Decline stage (65+).

What occurs during the Growth stage of Super's model?

Children fantasize about ideal jobs based on their likes/dislikes and abilities.

What is the focus of the Exploration stage in Super's model?

Adolescents and young adults realistically consider different careers and undertake their first trial job.

What characterizes the Establishment stage in Super's model?

Individuals commit to a career after a trial period, focusing on occupational success and skill development.

What is the main focus during the Maintenance stage of Super's model?

Retaining achieved status and protecting security and power, with decreased focus on career advancement.

What happens in the Decline stage of Super's model?

Work activity decreases as individuals approach retirement.

What is a criticism of Super's model of career development?

It assumes ideal career development involves staying in the same occupation for life, which is not reflective of reality.

What trend is observed in women's career development compared to men's?

Women's career paths tend to be more discontinuous due to interruptions from childrearing and family crises.

What are some modern workplace trends affecting career development?

Technology changes, job security based on individual value, self-direction, lifelong learning, and increasing independent workers.

What is workaholism?

A condition where individuals devote excessive time and energy to their jobs, often sacrificing other life roles.

What are the two types of workaholics?

1. Enthusiastic workaholics, who enjoy their work; 2. Unenthusiastic workaholics, who feel driven but report lower job satisfaction.

What is Zoom fatigue?

A phenomenon where individuals experience tiredness from prolonged video meetings, particularly noted during the pandemic.

What are some consequences of prolonged video meetings identified by the Stanford virtual human interaction lab?

Intense eye contact, fatigue from seeing one's own image, reduced mobility, and increased cognitive load.

What does the medical model propose regarding abnormal behavior?

It suggests that abnormal behavior should be viewed as a disease, contrasting with historical views of supernatural possession.

What are the three key concepts in the medical model of psychopathology?

Diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis.

What is the DSM-5?

A major classification system for diagnosing mental disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association.

What is a concern regarding the DSM-5?

Its exponential growth, with an increasing number of disorders being added.

What does diagnosis involve in the context of mental disorders?

Examining a person's symptoms to determine if they meet criteria for a specific mental disorder.

What does etiology refer to in psychopathology?

The causation and developmental history of a mental disorder.

What is prognosis in the context of mental health?

A prediction of the probable course an illness will take, including recovery likelihood and associated difficulties.

When are individuals diagnosed with mental illness?

When their problematic behavior significantly impairs their day-to-day functioning.

What is a common misconception about people with psychological disorders?

That they exhibit bizarre behavior and are more likely to be dangerous or violent than the general population.

What is a key distinction between enthusiastic and unenthusiastic workaholics?

Enthusiastic workaholics find joy in their work, while unenthusiastic workaholics report lower job enjoyment and higher burnout risk.

What percentage of adult women are in the labor force compared to men?

About 57% of adult women versus about 70% of men.

What is the impact of technology on the workplace?

It is changing the nature of work, requiring new attitudes and skills for job security.

What are anxiety disorders?

A classification of disorders where individuals experience excessive apprehension and anxiety.

Name some main types of anxiety disorders.

Generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Chronic high levels of anxiety not tied to any specific threat, with excessive worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months.

What are three symptoms associated with GAD?

Restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances.

What is the lifetime prevalence of GAD in Canada?

Approximately 5%.

What is panic disorder?

Characterized by recurrent abrupt attacks of intense fear, reaching a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical symptoms.

What is agoraphobia?

Fear of going out to public places due to concerns about escaping or getting help if a panic attack occurs.

What defines a specific phobia?

A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger, interfering with daily functioning.

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or urges to engage in senseless actions (compulsions).

What percentage of the population is affected by OCD?

Approximately 2-3%.

What is dissociative disorder?

A class of disorders where individuals lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, disrupting their sense of identity.

What are the three main types of dissociative disorders?

Dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder.

What is dissociative amnesia?

Characterized by a sudden loss of memory for important personal information, not due to normal forgetting.

What is localized dissociative amnesia?

Inability to remember a specific traumatic event or time period.

What is dissociative identity disorder?

Involves the coexistence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual.

How do the personalities in dissociative identity disorder interact?

They are generally unaware of each other and have different names, memories, and traits.

What is the prevalence of dissociative disorders?

Lifetime prevalence is about 1-2% of the population, with women being more likely to be diagnosed.

What are some cognitive factors contributing to anxiety disorders?

Misinterpretation of harmless situations as threatening and excessive focus on perceived threats.

What role does conditioning play in anxiety disorders?

Classical and operant conditioning can create and maintain anxiety responses.

What can precipitate the onset of anxiety-related disorders?

High stress and adverse life events.

What is the typical age of onset for GAD?

Generally in the early 30s.

What is the gender ratio for panic disorder diagnoses?

Approximately 2/3 of diagnosed individuals are women.

What is the commonality of specific phobias?

About 12% of people experience specific phobias, with 2/3 being women.

What is the mean age of onset for OCD?

19-20 years old.

What are physiological symptoms associated with GAD?

Muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, and faintness.

What is the impact of anxiety disorders on physical health?

They can be debilitating and are associated with various physical health problems.

What is the typical duration of dissociative amnesia?

Can last from a few days to a few years, but typically less than a week.

What is the difference between selective and generalized dissociative amnesia?

Selective is the inability to remember specific aspects of a traumatic event, while generalized is the loss of life history and identity.

What is depersonalization?

Experiences of unreality or detachment from one's mind, self, or body.

What is derealization?

Experiences of unreality or detachment from one's surroundings.

What disorder involves ongoing experiences of depersonalization or derealization?

Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DPDR).

What is the average age of onset for depersonalization/derealization disorder?

16 years old.

What percentage of the population is affected by major depressive disorder (MDD)?

Lifetime prevalence is approximately 20%.

What is anhedonia?

Loss of ability to experience pleasure, a central feature of depression.

What are common symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, reduced appetite, insomnia, lack of energy, feelings of worthlessness.

What is the average length of a depressive episode in major depressive disorder?

Approximately 6 months.

Which gender has higher prevalence rates for major depressive disorder?

Women, with rates twice as high as men.

What characterizes bipolar disorder?

Experiences of both depressed and manic periods.

What is a manic episode?

An elevated mood state characterized by euphoria, high energy, and impaired judgment.

What distinguishes Bipolar I from Bipolar II disorder?

Bipolar I includes full manic episodes, while Bipolar II involves milder hypomanic episodes.

What is the typical age of onset for bipolar disorder?

Late teens or early twenties.

What genetic evidence supports the etiology of depressive and bipolar disorders?

If one identical twin has the disorder, the other twin has a 65-72% chance of developing it.

What neurochemical factors are associated with mood disorders?

Abnormal levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.

What is learned helplessness?

A cognitive factor related to depression, where individuals feel unable to change their circumstances.

What is the relationship between suicide and mood disorders?

Approximately 90% of those who commit suicide have a psychological disorder, with depression and bipolar disorder accounting for 50-60% of suicides.

What is the ninth leading cause of death in Canada?

Suicide.

What are some key strategies for preventing suicide?

Take suicidal talk seriously, provide empathy, and encourage professional consultation.

What is schizophrenia?

A disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.

What is the prevalence of schizophrenia in Canada?

Approximately 1% of the population aged 10 and older.

What are the criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia according to DSM-5?

At least two symptoms from delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, or negative symptoms must be present.

What is the typical age of onset for schizophrenia?

Late teens to early 30s.

What is the impact of schizophrenia on life expectancy?

It is associated with a 20% reduction in life expectancy.

What are the common symptoms of schizophrenia?

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and negative symptoms.

What is the significance of social skills in relation to depressive disorders?

Poor social skills are correlated with higher risk for depression.

What are delusions in the context of schizophrenia?

False beliefs maintained despite being out of touch with reality.

What are typical types of delusions experienced by individuals with schizophrenia?

Delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur.

What are hallucinations?

Sensory perceptions occurring without real external stimuli, affecting any of the five senses.

What type of hallucinations is most common in schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucinations, experienced by 60-80% of those with schizophrenia.

What are visual hallucinations?

Second most common type of hallucinations, involving distorted body parts or unidentifiable objects.

What is the prevalence rate of hallucinations according to the international study by McGrath et al. (2015)?

Approximately 5.2% for hallucinations and 1.3% for delusions.

What is disorganized speech?

Inability to express thoughts clearly, often resulting in chaotic and illogical speech patterns.

What does grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior refer to?

Bizarre, unsafe, or unpredictable behaviors, including motor disturbances.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Behaviors that are lacking, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, and poor grooming.

What role do genetic factors play in the etiology of schizophrenia?

Genetic vulnerability is significant, as shown by twin and family studies.

What is the dopamine hypothesis in relation to schizophrenia?

It suggests that dopamine dysregulation is a key factor in the disorder.

What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis regarding schizophrenia?

It posits that brain insults during normal maturation processes contribute to the disorder.

What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication.

What are early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder?

Lack of eye contact, minimal facial expressions, and delays in language development.

What percentage of ASD diagnoses are males?

Males account for 80% of ASD diagnoses.

What is echolalia?

The repetition of phrases or sentences, often seen in individuals with ASD.

What are some common behaviors of children with ASD?

Repetitive body movements, hyperactivity to stimuli, and difficulty understanding emotions.

What has research shown about the prognosis of individuals with ASD?

About half experience a good or fair outcome, with some achieving independence.

What are the genetic origins of ASD?

Biological origins are believed to play a major role, as shown by twin and family studies.