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all stages of cloning
extract nucleus from male, insert into female enucleated egg cell, shock with electricity to stimulate the embryo, embryo is implanted into the female uterus, cell divides through mitosis.
all stages of micropropagation
Explants cut with tweezers from growing tips of plants. Explant is sterilised to kill any microorganisms. The explants are transferred into agar that contains minerals, glucose and plant hormones.
Genetic engineering
manipulation of DNA of cell resulting in unnatural characteristics
DNA
a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Gene
a segment of DNA that codes for a protein and therefore determines a particular characteristic.
vector
a structure to transfer genes in genetic engineering, for example a plasmid
plasmid
a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of bacteria
restriction enzyme
enzyme that split DNA
nucleotides
building block of DNA, containing a base, phosphate and sugar
ligase
enzyme that connects DNA
