Apush trimester 1

Second Continental Congress

where: met in Philadelphia, delegates from every colony agreed to support the war.

what:

• They debated and addressed militarization Command, and established the continental army.

• the Olive Branch Petition, a final attempt at reconciliation with Britain.

• it published the Declaration of Independence, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, which document proclaimed the American colonies' independence from British rule.

• Financing and Support for the War: The Congress faced challenges in funding the war effort. To address this issue, it issued paper currency known as "Continentals" and sought financial and material support from the colonies. It also negotiated loans and secured military assistance from foreign powers, particularly France.

• Articles of Confederation: Recognizing the need for a more unified and permanent government, the Congress debated and drafted the Articles of Confederation, which were adopted in 1777 and served as the United States' first constitution.

what states met in the second continental congress

(except Georgia, which had not yet sent a representative)

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation

announcement by the royal governor of Virginia in late 1775 that enslaved people owned by rebels—not those enslaved by colonists loyal to the crown—could win freedom if they abandoned their masters and joined the British forces

Common Sense

Thomas Paine’s impassioned pamphlet in 1776, supported independence, arguing it was common sense to declare independence and sever all ties with the British monarchy.

why did common sense have such a great impact? how did it spread so rapidly and far?

 it was accessible to a larger audience, as it was short, understandable, simple, it made sense.

introduction of the declaration of independence

background information, foundation on why they were declaring independence, talking about the enlightenment ideas:

• Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 

• Natural rights

• All people are born and created equal

pt. 2 declaration of independence

list of grievances, declaring independence, issue an ultimatum of war if England did not acquiese. 

what is the role of the government, according to the declaration of independence

To protect the rights of the people

what does Jefferson say in the Declaration of Independence if the government does not uphold its responsibilities

They should be replaced, overthrown.

Articles of Confederation

1777, American government 1.0- created a loose confederation of sovereign states

weaknesses of articles of confederation

• No centralized government or power that could enforce trade. 

• No executive or judicial branch, only congress- they were afraid of centralized power.

• 9 of the 13 colonies were required to vote for something in order to pass it.

why was financing the war difficult

because congress didn’t have the authority to levy taxes

continental currency

congress issuing a lot of paper money, and the different states printed currencies of their own, which resulted in inflation, and was found to be worthless

how was the war financed

war as well as the army was mainly financed through bonds, bounties, and borrowing from other nations

Continental army

army of the United Colonies representing the thirteen colonies in the American Revolutionary War. It was formed on June 14, 1775 by the Second Continental Congress.

who led the continental army

commander in chief: George Washington. He took command of the new army in June 1775. With the aid of foreign military experts such as the Marquis de Lafayette from France and the Baron von Steuben from Prussia, he built a formidable force.

colonist advantages in the war

• The United States were fighting in their lands/ground.

• Generally more “committed” to the war than the English war, driven and united through common hatred of the enemy. 

• had foreign support, Franco- American alliance of 1778

• enemy was easily identifiable

• could move at will, while the english were often harrassed

colonist disadvantages

• no industrial base

• broke

• undersupplied and outgunned

• untrained milita

advantages for the British in the war

• Best navy in the world. 

• Most powerful empire in Europe.

• Well equipped army

• coherent structure of command

• industrial capacity

challenges british in war

• not used to guerilla warfare, expected traditional european colonial warfare instead.

• long lines of communication with england, not in their own ground

patriot style fighting

• hit and run

• draw the english inland-out of sea and borders

• guerilla warfare

english style fighting

• continental warfare

• divide and conquer

• control cities and the coast

Battle of Bunker Hill

British forces commanded by General Thomas Gage, launched a frontal assault on the American fortifications on Breed's Hill. The British ultimately won the battle, but at a high cost. The American forces showed that they could stand up to the British army, boosting their confidence.

Famous Phrase: "Don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes". It is attributed to encourage American soldiers to conserve their limited ammunition.

General William Howe

offered Congress a choice: surrender with royal pardon or face a battle against apparently overwhelming odds.

To oppose Howe’s great force, Washington could muster only about 19,000 soldiers and had no navy at all. Even so, the Americans rejected Howe’s offer. The British then pushed the Patriot forces out of Manhattan and off Long Island and drove them in slow retreat over the plains of New Jersey, across the Delaware River, and into Pennsylvania

How did the Patriots manage to drive the British forces out of Boston in 1776?

Washington’s army crossed the Delaware River in Trenton and attacked the  British army’s settlement there on Christmas. Though a small victory, this greatly raised morale and encouraged the mindset that the colonists could have a chance of winning their independence. 

Battle of Saratoga

General Horatio Gates led New England militiamen mauled a detachment that Burgoyne had sent to seek supplies. Short of materials, with all help cut off, Burgoyne fought several costly engagements. turning point in the war, showed that the colonists could actually win, allowed them to obtain more help and military from French, Franco-american alliance. Then Burgoyne surrendered.

loyalists (tories)

believed in the social stability depended on a government anchored by monarchy and aristocracy. they were mainly royal officials, wealthy merchants, Carolina farmers, southern slaves (looked to Britain in hope of freedom) and most indian tribes

patriots

moral standpoint, believed in the Englightenment philosophies, rights, independence, british=tyrants

goal of the Declaration of Independence

to detail the king’s misdeeds in a way to gain support in America and overseas.

what did the british defeat in saratoga do to the Iriqiouis

It signaled the splintering of the Iroquois Confederacy, which had declared its neutrality in 1776 but now saw members ally themselves with both sides.

why was france help after saratoga significant

France’s decision made the war an international conflict, which over the years pitted France, Spain, and the Netherlands against Great Britain. That helped reduce the resources available for the British effort in America. But France remained America’s most important ally

lord north

british foreign prime minister. After the french allied with the americans in the war, he desperately gave them a peace offer: complete home rule within the empire for Americans if they would quit the war.

what did the french do, shaken that the americans might accept lord north’s proposition

they even further allied and provided the americans with more military supplies

how long was the american war for independence

eight years, began with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, and officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783

What was the significance of the Battle of Trenton during the Revolutionary War?

patriot victory at Trenton was an important turning point in the Revolutionary War. The victory brought new hope to the Patriots and encouraged many to enlist in the Continental Army. disrupted the British supply chain and made it more difficult for them to continue their campaign in the region.

hessians

King George III hired foreign mercenary soldiers, the German Hessians (very hated), to supply more human resources. They were known for their discipline and training and were considered to be some of the best soldiers in Europe at the time.

why did the british want to be on the south

in order to gain more support from loyalists, as they were generally more prolific in that area. However, they greatly overestimated the extent of loyalist support in the south.

why did the patriots win the war

actions of the colonial militas and the continental army, George washington’s support and leadership, the colonists’ ideological commitment and resistance, and support from European allies.

who was the first state to abolish slavery

vermont

how did the conclusion of the revolution gradually start to lean towards abolition of slavery

• Ideas of the abolition of slavery spread following the Great Awakening and Enlightenment ideas that questioned this practice.  Gradual emancipation, however, started to occur with the restriction of the slave trade and it “granted freedom to those born in bondage after the passage of the laws (121). As one state abolished slavery in the North, other states soon followed. Despite the reduction, or in some cases, abolition of slavery in some northern states, it was still not prohibited in others, such as New York. 

american motherhood

as women were an important during the revolution, had to take care of home and formed organizations to supply and help soldiers , they began to appeal for expanded roles, where it called on women to teach American values to the following generations, gave them importance. Women realized that having unlimited men power husbands was just as bad as unlimited British power

native americans and revolutionary war

Native Americans primarily fought in the war for independence to “secure freedom from encroachment and interference” (122). Over time, they decided to side with the British, as they believed an independent America would pose a higher threat, as they would further want to expand their settlements in their lands. Following the war, the colonists had resentment toward the Native Americans for their siding with the British and further illustrated them as savages.  

republicanism

a political system in which all power came from the people, rather than from some supreme authority like a king, Limited Government: limiting the power of the state to prevent abuse and protect individual rights, equality (not for all though)

yeoman farmer

a small, independent landowner or farmer. seen as the backbone of the nation, contributing to the agrarian and small-town traditions of the United States.

what did the articles of confederation miss

The document confirmed the existing weak, decentralized system. It did not have power to regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes directly on the people. no judiciary or executive branch.

unicameral

what did the articles of confederation do well

the articles of confederation (1787) was the first constitution.

• unites all states under one government.

• With the Northwest ordinance, it established a framework for the admission of new states to the Union, when a territory reached a certain population and met certain requirements. it limited the future growth of slavery into the western territories

• negotiating the Treaty of Paris of 1783

• it was kinda bad overall so led to the constitutional convention- to make a better constitution!

Battle of Fallen Timbers

military engagement in Ohio with the Native Americans and Americans

• Demonstrated the increased pressure on the Native Americans as white settlements were expanding. 

• The resistance of the Native Americans to white settlement.

• end of british support to native americans

shays rebellion

farmers rioted throughout New England. State governments imposed heavy taxes to address war debt and fund government operations. Many farmers were unable to pay their taxes and faced the risk of losing their land through tax seizures.

shays rebellion significance

• Shays and his lieutenants, at first sentenced to death, were later pardoned, and Massachusetts offered the protesters some tax relief and a postponement of debt payments.

• But the rebellion had important consequences for the future of the United States, for it added urgency to the movement to produce a new, national constitution as the articles of confederation were powerless at the situation- couldn’t levy taxes to raise an army or had an authority to suppress it

when were articles of confederation approved and why

they were proposed in 1777, but not approved by all states until 1781, the fear of a strong central government and concerns over sovereignty, combined with specific issues like land claims and voting power, led to the delay in the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The weaknesses and challenges inherent in the Articles would become increasingly evident

Confederation Congress:

• The Confederation Congress, officially known as the "Congress of the Confederation," succeeded the Second Continental Congress and operated under the Articles of Confederation

• the Confederation Congress focused on organizing the newly independent nation and managing its affairs. became very weak over time

Constitutional Convention

• Madison convinced virginia and called for states to discuss the national government question.

• Fifty-five men, representing all the states except Rhode Island, attended one or more sessions of the convention that sat in the Philadelphia State House in 1787.

• The convention unanimously chose Washington to preside over its sessions, and his support gave credibility, introduced the virginia and new jersey plan.

• slavery practice was not discussed. but slaves taking part in government was- 3/5 compromise, great compromise

virginia plan

Virginia, the most populous state, sent a delegation to Philadelphia led by James Madison, who had devised in some detail a plan for a new “national” government. It was approved. It called for a national legislature of two houses, with states represented in both bodies in proportion to their population. Smaller states, quite predictably, raised immediate objections.

New Jersey Plan

William Paterson of New Jersey offered an alternative that would retain the essence of the Confederation with its one-house legislature in which all statees had equal representation. It would also give Congress expanded powers to tax and to regulate commerce. The convention rejected Paterson’s proposal, but supporters of the Virginia Plan now realized they would have to make concessions to the smaller states.

Great Compromise

• The House of Representatives would be based on population, as outlined in the Virginia Plan and Bicameral system. States with larger populations would have more representatives.

• The Senate, however, would have equal representation for each state, as suggested by the New Jersey Plan. Each state, regardless of size, would have two senators.

• Each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a free person in determining the basis for both representation and direct taxation. In the upper Senate the states would be represented equally with two members apiece. all was approved in 1787

The Constitution of 1787

mainly drafted by James Madison and answered the questions of sovereignty and limits of power.

• sovereignty- at all levels of government, flowed ultimately from the people. Thus neither the federal government nor the state governments were truly sovereign. All of them derived their authority from below. The resolution of the problem of sovereignty made possible one of the distinctive features of the Constitution- federalism, or division of powers between the national and state governments, but favored state

• limit of power- the framers endeavored to prevent centralized power/tyrant, so it had separation of powers within the government, managed by a system of checks and balances among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. created federal government power and believed it should be strong but not too strong. Article I, 2, 3.

voting after constitution

• in the new government, only the members of the House of Representatives would be elected directly by the people.

• Senators would be chosen by state legislatures.

• The president would be chosen by an electoral college, with each state promoting electors to that body however it saw fit but equal to the total number of the state’s members of Congress (Senate plus House).

• No requirement was written into the Constitution that these electors cast their ballots for president and vice president according to the popular will in their states, though that later became the accepted practice when states began recording a popular vote.

• Federal judges would be appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

what political parties rose as a result of the constitution

• Federalists-a term that opponents of centralized government had once used to describe themselves—thus implying that they were less committed to a “nationalist” government than in fact they were. supported elastic clause and not strict interpretation of the constitution.

• anti-federalists- They believed in staying true to the ideals of the Revolution. They believed that the Constitution would increase taxes, weaken the states, wield dictatorial powers, favor the “well-born” over the common people, and abolish individual liberty.

what did the anti-federalists believe the constitution missed

lacked a bill of rights. Only by enumerating the natural rights of the people, they argued, could there be any certainty that those rights would be protected.

first election

george washington- john adams vp

first party system

two party system in america- federalists and and democratic-republicans

Bill of Rights

the first ten ammendments to the constitution- first nine placed limitations on the new government by forbidding it to infringe on certain fundamental rights: freedom of religion, speech, and the press, immunity from arbitrary arrest, trial by jury, and others.

Judiciary Act of 1789

An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States. Congress provided for a Supreme Court of six members and a system of lower district courts and courts of appeal. It also gave the Supreme Court the power to make the final decision in cases involving the constitutionality of state laws.

what was hamilton’s plan to reduce the national debt

• motivate the wealthy classes, who were the most likely to lend money to the government, to support perpetually the survival of that centralized state through bonds

• national bank- It would provide loans and currency to businesses, give the government a safe place for the deposit of federal funds, facilitate the collection of taxes and the disbursement of the government’s expenditures, and provide a stable center to the nation’s small and feeble banking system. The bank would be chartered by the federal government, but much of its capital would come from private investors.

hamilton’s funding and assumption of debts would require new sources of revenue.

• One was an excise tax on alcoholic beverages, a tax that would be most burdensome to the whiskey distillers of the backcountry, small farmers who converted part of their corn and rye crops into whiskey.

• The other was a tariff on imports, which Hamilton saw not only as a way to raise money but also as a way to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

tarrif

taxes imposed by one country on goods or services imported from another country

the deal

the location of the national capital, which the Virginians wanted near them in the South. Hamilton and Jefferson met and agreed to exchange northern support for placing the capital in the South for Virginia’s votes for the assumption bill. The bargain called for the construction of a new capital city on the banks of the Potomac River, which divided Maryland and Virginia, on land to be selected by George Washington.

who beneffitted from hamilton’s financial plan assumption and national bank

manufacturers, creditors, and other influential segments of the population, aristocats, investors, northern people

who would not benefit from hamilton’s financial plan

farmers as they were taxed heavily, antifederalists or republicans because this strengthened central government

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, farmers in western Pennsylvania raised a major challenge to federal authority when they refused to pay the new whiskey excise tax and began terrorizing tax collectors.

• In response, and with Hamilton’s urging Washington called out the militias of three states and assembled an army of nearly 15,000, and he personally led the troops into Pennsylvania.

• At the approach of the militiamen, the rebellion quickly collapsed. The federal government won the allegiance of the whiskey rebels through intimidation. It secured the loyalties of other western people by accepting new states as members of the Union

constitution and native american lands

the constitution did not clarify the legal standing of native Americans in the new government.

washington’s farewell address ideas

1. Unity and Nationalism: Washington stressed the importance of preserving the unity of the new nation. He emphasized that the bonds of union should be maintained and that divisions along regional, partisan, or factional lines should be avoided, as they could weaken the young republic.

2. Avoiding Political Factions: Washington cautioned against the dangers of political parties and factions, which he believed could undermine the national interest. He expressed concerns about the divisive influence of party politics and urged the avoidance of "the baneful effects of the spirit of party."

3. Neutrality in Foreign Affairs: Washington advocated for a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs and warned against entangling alliances and foreign attachments. He believed that the United States should not become involved in the political and military conflicts of other nations.

4. Importance of the Constitution: Washington emphasized the significance of the Constitution and the rule of law. He urged adherence to the Constitution and the principles of the republican government it established.

5. Public Virtue and Morality: Washington stressed the importance of public virtue and moral character among the people and their leaders. He believed that these qualities were essential for the success of the republic.

6. Public Education: Washington highlighted the importance of education and the diffusion of knowledge among the people. He believed that an informed and educated citizenry was essential for the preservation of liberty and good government.

when was american neutrality challenged for the first time and why- what did this prompt

it was first challenged in 1793 as the french and english engaged in war. this prompted Washington to send a delegate (John Jay) to negotiate a solution with england.

jay’s treaty what did it do

1793—Jay’s Treaty avoided a potential war with England and also “strengthened economic ties” with Britain relations between the United States and Great Britain.

• It secured American access to British markets and facilitated trade between the two nations. Ultimately, Jay's Treaty was ratified by the Senate and helped to temporarily ease tensions between the United States and Great Britain.

who opposed jay’s treaty and why

Jeffersonian Republicans were fearful that economic ties to Britain would fund and strengthen the Federalist agenda as well as did not do enough to address issues like impressment.

Pinckney’s Treaty

Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 was generally well-received (good ex of democracy) as it addressed many of the economic and territorial concerns such as by promoting stability in the American West and encouraged the economic development of the Mississippi Valley.

• gave navigation rights for Americans. It allowed U.S. traders to use the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans for commerce.

• agreed to fix borders of 31st parallel

• commanded its authorities to prevent native Americans in Florida from launching raids

election of 1796

Washington did not want to run for a third term, so federalists sought alternate option- John Adams. Adams was elected and won Jefferson by very little electoral votes. Jefferson became his vp.

Quasi war with France

American relations with Great Britain and Spain improved as a result of Jay’s and Pinckney’s treaties. But the nation’s relations with revolutionary France quickly deteriorated.

• French vessels captured American ships on the high seas.

• The French government refused to receive Charles Cotesworth Pinckney when he arrived in Paris as the new American minister.

XYZ Affair

Came after Adams sent a american delegates to stablize relations with France. When they arrived however, French Prince Talleyrand demanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials before any negotiations could begin. This failed diplomacy resulted in adams reluctancy to go to war.

Under pressure from Congress, including Federalists eager to fight the French, he sent that body the commissioners’ report, though not before deleting the names of the three French agents and designated them only as Messrs. X, Y, and Z

SPARKED QUASI WAR W FRANCE- revenge!

did the federalists support the quasi war with france

yes, they wanted to engage in war.

what happened in government with france quasi war

• Congress passed measures cutting off all trade with France

• nullified the Treaty of Alliance of 1778, authorizing American vessels to capture French armed ships,

• creating the Department of the Navy.

• The war later came to an end in 1800 with peace negotiations w Napoleon.

Alien and Sedition Acts

• The Alien Act placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens. It discouraged immigration and encouraged some foreigners already in the country to leave

• The Sedition Act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in “sedition” against the government. In theory, only libelous or treasonous activities were subject to prosecution, but since such activities had no clear definition, the law, in effect, gave the government authority to stifle virtually any opposition- restricting freedoms. And the administration used the Sedition Act to arrest and convict ten men, most of them Republican newspaper editors whose only crime had been criticism of Federalists in government

how did republicans counteract in a way the alien and sedition acts

• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, written by T. Jeff and J. Madison, relied on the ideas of John Locke and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave to the states powers not explicitly granted to the federal government.

• They argued that the federal government had been formed by a “compact,” or contract, among the states and possessed only certain delegated powers. Whenever a state decided that the central government had exceeded those powers, it had the right to “nullify” the appropriate laws. The Republicans

why were the virginia and kentucky resolutions controversial

because they essentially allowed the states the power to nullify or not accept the government’s policies. This results in no national coherency, as each state is nullifying the things that are not as beneficial- no federal harmony.

did the republicans gain support for the nullification idea in the virginia and kentucky resolutions?

they did not win wide support for the nullification idea. They did, however, succeed in elevating their dispute with the Federalists to the level of a national crisis.

revolution of 1800

the transition from a federalist government, with adams and washington- to a republican government with the newly elected president, Thomas Jefferson.

T. Jeff and J. Adams were respectable towards one another in the presidential run, but there was great division with their followers.

Midnight Judges/The Judiciary Act of 1801

The Adams administration spent its last months in office taking steps to make the party’s hold on the courts secure. With the Judiciary Act of 1801, the Federalists put more judges. He did this to ensure Federalist views would stay in government, also didn’t want to give up power.

why was jeffersons view of the nation and why was it hard to maintain throughout his presidency

• favored a society of sturdy, independent farmers, happily free from the workshops, industrial towns, and urban mobs of Europe. They celebrated localism and simplicity. Above all, they proposed a federal government of sharply limited power.

• Almost nothing worked out as they had planned, for during the Republican years in power the young republic was developing in ways that made much of their vision obsolete. The American economy became steadily more diversified and complex, making the ideal of a simple, agrarian society impossible to maintain.

what led to the rise of education in the nation under jefferson

Central to the Republican vision of America was the concept of a virtuous and enlightened citizenry. Republicans believed, therefore, in the creation of a nationwide system of public schools in which all male citizens would receive free education. Though public education did not rlly happen a lot, especially in the south.

rise of women in education

not that big, but As Americans began to place a higher value on the importance of the “republican mother” who would help train the new generation for citizenship, people began to ask how mothers could raise their children to be enlightened if the mothers themselves were uneducated. Massachusetts required that its public schools serve females as well as males, others soon followed but not all.

Judith Sargent Murray

published an essay defending the right of women to education- ideas weren’t very popular but first examples of women fighting for education!

which men increased american nationalism through education and how

• Noah Webster contributed to this as he openly believed that students should be “educated as nationalists”. He believed they should be taught American history, especially of the “illustrious heroes and statesmen” in the American independence 

• Washington Irving promoted American nationalism in his literary work

Second Great Awakening- what led to it, what was it, what came from it

• The American Revolution heightened ideas of “individual liberty” and “reason,” resulting in older, stricter, and traditional religious ideas or practices. This led to deism and religious skepticism.  

• As a result, the Second Great Awakening was a revival of religious piety, led by conservative traditionalists that fought the spread of “religious rationalism.” 

• With the revival of “evangelical fervor,” individuals readmitted God and Christ into their daily lives. Encouraged embracing a fervent, active piety, and they must reject the skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs.

who was the second great awakening appealing to

• women- as this movement took place around the rise of industrialization- resulting in their husbands being busy and away from home. As women had more free time, they could partake in the different religious activities that this movement provided them with, giving them something to do. 

• Black people- Some of these revival movements or meetings were available for people of all races, so Black people attended them. Additionally, Black preachers embraced the movement and discussed the ideas with enslaved people. This religious movement also promoted the idea that “salvation was available to all” which was a message that gave enslaved people hope of liberation and independence.

• Native Americans- The ideas of the movement also spread throughout Native American communities, and many conversions took place. Handsome Lake, a Seneca however, “blended traditionalism and change,” as he encouraged the “revival of Indian ways” while also adapting some white notions in their culture. 

cotton gin

• Eli Whitney invented the Cotton gin, which made the task of removing the seeds. A once laborious task was now efficient and facile. His invention prompted cotton to be a “profitable crop” throughout the United States.

•  Southern states, established large plantations to make more money, resulting in a higher need for slave labor. Though the Cotton gin led to an increase in slave labor, Eli Whitney’s machine wasn’t designed to increase slave labor, but instead to make cotton production easier and more profitable. 

Spinning wheel

• Samuel Slater built the spinning wheel, which also led to the use of automated and factory labor. 

• The invention of the Cotton Gin and the Cotton Wheel introduced the United States to large-scale industrialization and machinery and showed that it was more profitable and less laborious. This invention influenced the rise of different factories.

interchangable parts

• also invented by samuel slater. revolutionized manufacturing and made it more efficient.

• Interchangeability was of great importance in the United States because of the great distances many people had to travel to reach towns or cities and the relatively limited transportation systems available to them. Interchangeable parts meant a farmer could repair a machine himself.

How did innovations in transportation transform the US in the early 1800s?

• Transportation innovations further pushed industrialization in the United States, as more materials could be transported to different locations more efficiently and quickly. The movement of “raw materials” to “factories” and “finished goods” to the “markets.” 

• The invention of the Steamboat was one of the most significant transportation inventions in the 19th century, as it allowed more people to travel long distances across the seas in less time than ships, as they didn’t rely on the weather, and could thus get through it through the power given by steam.

election of 1804

Jefferson was a popular president and had little difficulty winning reelection against Federalist Charles C. Pinckney in 1804. Jefferson won by the overwhelming electoral college majority, Republican membership of both houses of Congress increased.

jefferson and debt and national government

Under Washington and Adams, the Republicans believed, the government had been needlessly extravagant. The public debt had also risen, and an extensive system of internal taxation had been erected.

• As a result, Jefferson persuaded Congress to abolish all internal taxes, leaving customs duties and the sale of western lands as the only sources of revenue for the government- restricting revenue, so less economic power and ability

• Jefferson also scaled down the armed forces. He reduced the already tiny army of 4,000 men to 2,500 and pared down the navy from twenty-five ships in commission to seven. Anything but the smallest of standing armies, he argued, might menace civil liberties and civilian control of government.