Ch 1 - Structural Org/Body Systems/Homeostasis

What are the six levels of structural organization in the body?

Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organismal level.

What is the chemical level of organization?

Atoms combine to form molecules.

What constitutes the cellular level of organization?

Cells are made up of molecules; organelles combine to form a cell.

What defines the tissue level of organization?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

What is the organ level of organization?

Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

What is an example of an organ composed of different tissues?

A blood vessel, which includes smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

What is the organ system level of organization?

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

It circulates blood from the heart through blood vessels.

What does the integumentary system do?

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses receptors and glands.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework for muscles to cause movement.

What are the components of the muscular system?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

What is the role of the nervous system?

It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

What does the digestive system do?

Breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces.

What is the function of the urinary system?

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

What is the overall function of the reproductive system?

Production of offspring

What are the three key elements of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor, control center, and effector.

What happens when a stimulus disrupts homeostasis?

A receptor detects the change, and input is sent to the control center for processing.

What is the role of the effector in a homeostatic control system?

The effector's response feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and restore homeostasis.

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris, and houses white blood cells involved in immunity.

What is negative feedback?

A response to a change in the body that counteracts or opposes the initial change

What is positve feedback?

A response to a change in the body that increases the initial change

How does a positive feedback loop typically stop running?

It requires an outside event, limitation, or climax to interrupt and break the self-reinforcing cycle

How does negative feedback maintain dynamic equilibrium?

By monitoring and adjusting variables (like blood pressure or sugar) around the set point, the ideal normal value or target range

What is the directional flow of information along the afferent pathway compared to the efferent pathway in a feedback system?

Afferent carries signals from the receptor toward the control center, while efferent carries signals from the control center to the effector.

What is the primary functional role of the receptor within a feedback mechanism?

It monitors a specific parameter and detects changes or deviations from the set point

How does the control center process information received from the afferent pathway?

It evaluates the input and determines the appropriate response.